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Role of aspartate ammonia-lyase in Pasteurella multocida

BMC Microbiology volume 20, Article number: 369 (2020) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Pasteurella multocida is responsible for a highly infectious and contagious disease in birds, leading to heavy economic losses in the chicken industry. However, the pathogenesis of this disease is poorly understood. We recently identified an aspartate ammonia-lyase (aspA) in P. multocida that was significantly upregulated under iron-restricted conditions, the protein of which could effectively protect chicken flocks against P. multocida. However, the functions of this gene remain unclear. In the present study, we constructed aspA mutant strain â–³aspA::kan and complementary strain Câ–³aspA::kan to investigate the function of aspA in detail.

Result

Deletion of the aspA gene in P. multocida resulted in a significant reduction in bacterial growth in LB (Luria-Bertani) and MH (Mueller-Hinton) media, which was rescued by supplementation with 20 mM fumarate. The mutant strain △aspA::kan showed significantly growth defects in anaerobic conditions and acid medium, compared with the wild-type strain. Moreover, growth of △aspA::kan was more seriously impaired than that of the wild-type strain under iron-restricted conditions, and this growth recovered after supplementation with iron ions. AspA transcription was negatively regulated by iron conditions, as demonstrated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Although competitive index assay showed the wild-type strain outcompetes the aspA mutant strain and △aspA::kan was significantly more efficient at producing biofilms than the wild-type strain, there was no significant difference in virulence between the mutant and the wild-type strains.

Conclusion

These results demonstrate that aspA is required for bacterial growth in complex medium, and under anaerobic, acid, and iron-limited conditions.

Background

Pasteurella multocida is a capsulated, Gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacterium responsible for fowl cholera in poultry, leading to great economic losses in commercial layer flocks and local chicken breeds [1]. P. multocida is currently classified into five serogroups (A, B, D, E, and F) based on its capsular antigens, and fowl cholera is mainly caused by strains of serovars A, F, and very rarely D [2]. Once a chicken flock becomes infected with the bacterium, it may become endemic and difficult to remove, resulting in repeated infectious episodes [3]. However, the molecular basis of P. multocida pathogenesis is still poorly understood.

Aspartate ammonia-lyase (aspA) has been identified in various other Gram-negative bacteria, including Salmonella enterica [4], Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae [5] and Escherichia coli [6]. This enzyme is involved in catalyzing the reversible conversion of L-aspartate to form fumarate and release ammonia [7], and plays a vital role in the production of L-aspartate [8]. The addition of L-aspartate significantly increased the survival of wild-type, but not aspA mutant, Y. pseudotuberculosis in minimum essential medium at pH 4.5 [9]. In addition to its role in an acid-survival system, aspA is also important for anaerobic respiration, and fumarate produced by the decomposition of L-aspartate can serve as a terminal electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions [10]. The aspA gene was significantly upregulated under iron-restricted conditions in various bacteria including C. jejuni [11], A. pleuropneumoniae [12], Edwardsiella ictaluri [13], and P. multocida [14], suggesting that aspA might be related to iron acquisition. Meanwhile, an iron-restricted environment often triggers the expression of virulence factors in pathogens [15], indicating the need to determine if aspA is an important virulence factor in P. multocida.

In the present study, we constructed aspA mutant strain â–³aspA::kan and complementary strain Câ–³aspA::kan to investigate the role of aspA in the growth of P. multocida in complex medium, and under anaerobic, acid, and iron-limited conditions, and in P. multocida infection in vivo.

Results

Identification of P. multocida â–³aspA::kan mutant

The whole aspA gene (1419 bp) was replaced with a 902 bp kanamycin-resistance cassette using allelic exchange through a recombinant suicide vector. The mutant strain â–³aspA::kan was confirmed by PCR screening using primers T1/2, aspA1/2, and Kan1/2 (Fig. 1a and Table 2). Primers T1/2 were both designed outside the homology arms of aspA. The amplicon size of the deleted alleles was 517 bp less than the wild-type. Primers aspA1/2 were designed to target the whole aspA gene. The amplification product was present in the parent strain but not in the aspA mutant. In addition, primers Kan1/2 were designed to target the whole Kan cassette, which was only present in the aspA mutant (Fig. 1b). To further characterize the aspA mutant, the expressions of aspA were detected in the parent strain C48–1 and complementary strain Câ–³aspA::kan but not in the mutant strain â–³aspA::kan or control strain â–³aspA::kan (pAL99S) (Fig. 1c), indicating that the aspA gene was successfully deleted from C48–1.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Construction of aspA mutant of P. multocida C48–1. a Schematic showing deletion of the target aspA gene. b Agarose gel electrophoresis confirmed the genotype of the constructed mutant. The wild-type (WT) and mutant strains (MU) were identified using three primer pairs: T1/2, aspA1/2, and Kan1/2 and C standed for negative control. c Confirmation of the complemented strain by PCR (left) and RT-PCR (right). The WT, MU, CO (complemented strains) and CS (mutant strains harboring an empty vector) were identified using two primer pairs: M1/2 (outside the multiple cloning site of vector) and qaspA1/2

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AspA is essential for growth of P. multocida

We compared the growth rates of C48–1, â–³aspA::kan, Câ–³aspA::kan and â–³aspA::kan (pAL99S) by measuring their growth curves in TSB, MH, and LB media under aerobic conditions. The four strains showed similar growth in TSB medium, but â–³aspA::kan and â–³aspA::kan (pAL99S) growth were relatively inhibited in LB and MH medium while the growth of complementation strain Câ–³aspA::kan was restored (Fig. 2a, b, c). Loss of aspA delayed the time to entry into logarithmic phase and significantly reduced the maximum growth. The final OD600 values of the aspA mutant were 0.44 in LB (P < 0.01) and 0.23 in MH (P < 0.01), compared with 1.30 and 0.82, respectively, for the wild-type strain. Interestingly, the growth defects of the mutant were partly recovered by supplementation of LB and MH with 20 mM fumarate prior to inoculation (Fig. 2d, e). The final OD600 values increased from 0.45 to 0.85 in LB (P < 0.01) and from 0.24 to 0.52 in MH (P < 0.01). These results indicated that fumarate, as the product of amino acid catabolism through aspA, was important for the growth of P. multocida.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Growth of C48–1, △aspA::kan, C△aspA::kan and △aspA::kan (pAL99S) in complex media under aerobic conditions. The growth curves were measured in (a) TSB, (b) LB and (c) MH. Growth of C48–1 and △aspA::kan in LB (d) and MH (e) supplemented with fumarate. The growth curves of C48–1 and △aspA::kan were determined after incubation in LB and MH with or without 20 mM fumarate at 37 °Cfor 18 h. Data analyzed by Student’s t-test. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01 and NS (non-significant) for P>0.05

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AspA is required for P. multocida growth under anaerobic conditions

To determine if aspA affected the growth of P. multocida under anaerobic conditions, we compared the abilities of the parent, mutant, complementary and control strains to grow under anaerobic conditions in TSB. Growth of all four strains was inhibited under anaerobic conditions, but growth of the mutant and control strains was slower than that of the wild-type and complementary strain (Fig. 3). The final OD600 of â–³aspA::kan was about 0.28, compared with 0.78 for the wild-type strain (P < 0.01). As expected, the growth defects of the mutant were partly recovered by supplementation with 20 mM fumarate prior to inoculation (Fig. 3). The final OD600 values increased from 0.28 to 0.59 under anaerobic conditions (P < 0.01). These results suggest that loss of aspA could lead to growth defects under anaerobic conditions and fumarate might play a vital role for P. multocida growth under anaerobic conditions.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Anaerobic growth of C48–1, △aspA::kan, C△aspA::kan and △aspA::kan (pAL99S). The final OD600 values were determined after incubation in TSB under aerobic or anaerobic conditions with or without 20 mM fumarate at 37 °C for 16 h. Data analyzed by Student’s t-test. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01 and NS for P>0.05

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AspA is related to acid survival in P. multocida

To determine if aspA is involved in the acid survival of P. multocida, we compared the abilities of the parent, mutant, complementary and control strains to grow under acid conditions in TSB in presence of oxygen. After 1 h of incubation, the densities of four strains in TSB (pH = 7.3) were approximately 6.83 × 106 CFU/mL (Fig. 4). However, the density of C48–1 colonies was 3.92 × 105 CFU/mL in acid medium (TSB, pH = 5), which was 12.58-fold higher than â–³aspA::kan (P < 0.01). At the same time, the density of Câ–³aspA::kan colonies was almost the same as C48–1. This indicated that loss of aspA reduced the acid resistance of P. multocida.

Fig. 4
figure 4

Acid growth of C48–1, △aspA::kan, C△aspA::kan and △aspA::kan (pAL99S). Overnight cultures were diluted to OD600 = 1. Diluted cultures were then subcultured in TSB, pH = 7.3 and TSB, pH = 5.0 at 37 °C for 1 h under aerobic conditions and the CFU/mL were counted. Data analyzed by Student’s t-test. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01 and NS for P>0.05

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AspA is related to iron acquisition in P. multocida

We examined the role of aspA in iron acquisition in P. multocida. The effect of iron depletion was determined by measuring the end-point OD of cultures in TSB containing the iron chelator 2,2′-dipyridyl (DPD) at concentrations of 0–300 μM under aerobic conditions. The DPD sensitivities of the wild-type and mutant strains were compared (Fig. 5a). The growth of both strains was inhibited in TSB supplemented with 150 and 200 μM DPD, and growth was almost absent at 250 and 300 μM DPD. The growth of the mutant was significantly slower than that of the wild-type strain in the presence of 150 μM DPD, with a reduction in OD600 from 1.02 to 0.6 (P < 0.01). We therefore chose 150 μM DPD as the optimal working concentration to create a growth curve. Loss of aspA delayed the time of entry into the logarithmic phase and significantly reduced the maximum growth (P < 0.01, Fig. 5b) while the growth of complementation strain Câ–³aspA::kan was restored. These results suggested that the mutant strain was more sensitive to the iron-depleted environment, and that aspA was involved in iron acquisition in P. multocida. In addition, we also determined the ability of the mutant strain to utilize different iron sources in iron-depleted medium. Growth of â–³aspA::kan and wild-type C48–1 was inhibited in TSB containing 150 μM DPD, but growth of both was restored by addition of 100 mM FeCl3 or FeSO4, with no significant difference between the mutant and wild-type strains (Fig. 5c). We therefore concluded that loss of aspA affected the absorption of chelated iron rather than free iron ions. To clarify if aspA was negatively regulated by iron ions, we determined the relative mRNA expression levels of aspA in C48–1, â–³aspA::kan, Câ–³aspA::kan under various iron-limited conditions. The mRNA expressions of aspA were significantly upregulated under iron-limited conditions in C48–1 and Câ–³aspA::kan (P < 0.01, Fig. 5d). aspA expression increased with increasing iron chelator. These results demonstrated that aspA was negatively regulated by the iron concentration in P. multocida, indicating that aspA plays an important role in chelated iron acquisition in P. multocida.

Fig. 5
figure 5

AspA is required for iron acquisition. a Effect of DPD supplementation on C48–1 and △aspA::kan growth under aerobic conditions. The final OD600 values were determined after incubation in TSB in different iron-limited conditions at 16 h. b The growth curves of C48–1, △aspA::kan, C△aspA::kan and △aspA::kan (pAL99S) were measured at 37° in TSB containing 150 μM DPD under aerobic conditions. c Utilization of iron sources by C48–1 and △aspA::kan, C△aspA::kan and △aspA::kan (pAL99S). Wild-type and aspA mutant strains were inoculated in TSB containing 150 μM DPD supplemented with FeCl3 or FeSO4 under aerobic conditions. The final OD600 values were determined after 16 h. d Transcription levels of the aspA gene in C48–1, △aspA::kan and C△aspA::kan in response to different iron-limited conditions. Data analyzed by Student’s t-test. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01 and NS for P>0.05

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Effect of aspA deletion on biofilm formation

We explored the effect of aspA on biofilm formation in P. multocida by crystal violet staining. The mutant strain was significantly more efficient at producing biofilms than the wild-type strain C48–1 (P < 0.01, Fig. 6). In addition, C48–1 produced more biofilms in iron-limited than that in iron-repleted conditions (P < 0.01, Fig. 6), while biofilm production by the mutant was unaffected.

Fig. 6
figure 6

Biofilm formation assessed by crystal violet staining. Biofilms were grown in TSB with or without 150 μM DPD at 37 °C for 48 h in six-well plates under aerobic conditions. Biofilm biomass was measured by crystal violet staining and expressed relative to the final culture density. Data analyzed by Student’s t-test. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01 and NS for P>0.05

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Virulence of the aspA mutant strain

We examined the role of aspA in virulence in 55-day-old healthy chickens infected with the mutant and wild-type strains, respectively. At a challenge dose of 10 CFU, survival rates were the same between the mutant and wild groups (7/10, 70%) (Fig. 7). Moreover, the survival of the wild-type and mutant groups with a challenge dose of 100 CFU were 20 and 30%, respectively. These results indicated that the aspA gene could not be related to the virulence of P. multocida in chickens.

Fig. 7
figure 7

Animal challenge experiment. Healthy chickens (55 days old) were injected intramuscularly with 10 or 100 CFU of parental C48–1 or mutant △aspA::kan strain and mortality was recorded daily for 12 days after challenge

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We further explored the role of aspA in the colonization dynamics of P. multocida during systemic infection by competitive infection of 55-day-old healthy chickens with a 1:1 ratio of C48–1 and the aspA mutant. The bacterial loads of the aspA mutant strain in the spleen (209-fold reduction, P < 0.01) and liver (115-fold reduction, P < 0.01) at 24 h post-infection were significantly reduced compared with the parent strain C48–1 (Fig. 8a). The aspA mutant was also significantly outcompeted by the wild-type strain in the spleen (263-fold reduction, P < 0.01) and liver (182-fold reduction, P < 0.01) at 72 h post-infection (Fig. 8c). At the same time, the colonization abilities were mostly restored in the complementary strain (Fig. 8b, d). These results showed that the wild-type strain outcompetes the aspA mutant strain during the infection.

Fig. 8
figure 8

Competitive infection by the wildtype C48–1 with mutant strains △aspA::kan or complemented strains C△aspA::kan in vivo. C48–1 and △aspA::kan or C△aspA::kan were mixed at a 1:1 ratio and 200 μl of the mixture containing 100 CFU of each strain was inoculated into 55-day-old healthy chickens. Bacteria were isolated from the spleens and livers at 24 h (a), (b) and 72 h (c), (d) post-infection. Data points represent the CFU/g of individual animals in the organs indicated; bars show median values (n = 5). Data analyzed by Student’s t-test. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01 and NS for P>0.05

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Discussion

We previously identified an aspartate ammonia-lyase (aspA) that was significantly upregulated under iron-restricted conditions and the protein of which could effectively protect chicken flocks against P. multocida [14]. This suggested that aspA might play an important role in the survival of these bacteria under iron-restricted conditions and could be related to the virulence of P. multocida. We therefore further studied the function of the aspA gene by constructing aspA mutant strain â–³aspA::kan and complementary strain Câ–³aspA::kan, and assessed its functions in growth in complex medium and under anaerobic, acid, and iron-limited conditions, and during infection in vivo.

AspA is involved in catalyzing the reversible conversion of L-aspartate to form fumarate and release ammonia [7], which is essential for the production of L-aspartic acid as an important carbon source for various bacteria [16]. Loss of aspA might thus affect the utilization of aspartic acid and inhibit the growth of bacteria. In the present study, we examined the effect of aspA mutation on the ability of P. multocida to grow in different complex media. We demonstrated that △aspA::kan had dramatic growth defects in LB and MH media compared with the wild-type strain, though this was rescued by supplementation with 20 mM fumarate. Similar results were found in C. jejuni. The effect of the aspA mutation on the depletion of amino acids in MH media after 48 h growth was determined in C. jejuni. Only serine was significantly utilized by this mutant while proline, aspartate and glutamate couldn’t be used in comparison to the WT [17]. Fumarate, as the product of aspartate through aspA, could restore partially of the growth defect [17]. This suggests that amino acid catabolism involving aspA was crucial for the growth of P. multocida in complex media. In addition, fumarate was not only indispensable for bacterial growth, but also served as a terminal electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions [18]. Fumarate is produced via the malate dehydrogenase and aspA pathways, respectively [19]. Transcriptome analysis showed that malate dehydrogenase was downregulated under anaerobic conditions [20] whereas aspA was increased [21], suggesting that aspA produced fumarate rather than malate dehydrogenase under anaerobic conditions. In the present study, the aspA mutant strain △aspA::kan showed significantly decreased growth under anaerobic conditions over a 16 h incubation period compared with the wild-type strain and this growth recovered after supplementation 20 mM fumarate, suggesting that aspA was important for anaerobic growth in vitro. Ammonia is also a product of amino acid catabolism through aspA, and may be responsible for increasing the intracellular pH [9]. A novel aspartate-dependent acid-survival system involving aspA has been identified in Y. pseudotuberculosis [9]. The present study demonstrated the existence of a similar aspartate acid-survival system in P. multocida. The survival of C48–1 was 12.58-fold higher than that of △aspA::kan after 1 h of incubation in acid medium.

Iron is indispensable for bacterial growth and iron acquisition is an important aspect of the pathogenesis of many bacteria [22]. Various iron-uptake systems have been found to play an essential role in virulence in P. multocida, particularly in different animal host environments [23]. The major objective of this study was to explore the role of aspA in iron utilization and the pathogenesis in P. multocida.

Amino acid homology analysis suggested that the structural and evolutionary relationships of aspA were closely related to fumarase (fumC) [24], which is known to be related to iron acquisition in many bacteria [25,26,27,28]. As their common product, fumarate could act as an electron acceptor during iron-uptake [29]. These results suggested that aspA might also play a role in iron acquisition in P. multocida. In the present study, the mutant strain △aspA::kan was more sensitive to iron-limited conditions and showed impaired growth in TSB containing 150 μM DPD compared with the wild-type strain, thus supporting a role for aspA in iron-uptake. We also demonstrated that the addition of different iron ions could improve the growth of △aspA::kan, and concluded that loss of aspA affected the absorption of chelated rather than free iron. Iron-uptake related genes are usually modulated by iron concentration, while only a handful of genes are not [22]. We monitored the transcription of aspA under different iron-limited conditions and found that aspA was negatively regulated by iron levels in P. multocida. Moreover, iron is not only involved in the regulation of iron-uptake genes, but also in the formation of biofilms [30], though the promotion or inhibition of biofilm formation depends on the species of bacteria [31,32,33,34]. In this study, either iron-limited conditions or loss of aspA promoted the formation of biofilms by P. multocida. Although several iron-uptake systems are involved in biofilm formation [35, 36], the mechanism by which iron signaling regulates biofilm formation is unclear. The current results revealed that aspA is likely to play an important role in iron acquisition in P. multocida.

For most bacterial pathogens, the ability to acquire iron from the host is directly related to their virulence [37]. Knocking out iron-associated proteins can thus reduce the virulence of various bacteria, including P. multocida [23, 38]. Although there was no previous evidence relating aspA to iron acquisition, the virulence of the aspA mutant has been explored in other bacteria. Pigs challenged with aspA mutants of A. pleuropneumoniae showed lower lung lesion scores than those challenged with the parent controls [5]. Ability of aspA mutant C. jejuni to persist in the intestines of chickens was impaired relative to the wild-type strain [17]. However, although a competitive index assay showed the wild-type strain outcompetes the aspA mutant strain, there was no significant difference in the virulence of P. multocida between the aspA mutant and the wild strains in this study. The possible reasons are as follows. On the one hand, the virulence of C48–1 is too strong that deleting aspA is not enough to reduce the virulence. On the other hand, chickens are usually infected with P. multocida through the digestive and respiratory tract in the wild. An intramuscular route of infection may not reveal the role of aspA in virulence compared to an experiment where chickens are inoculated with P. multocida in a manner that reflects natural transmission such as through the mouth, nose, or conjunctiva. Moreover, A. pleuropneumoniae and C. jejuni both grow in an anaerobic environment in the host while P. multocida does not. The survival pressure of anaerobic environment might be higher than that of iron limiting environment. Therefore, whether aspA could play a vital virulence factor only in anaerobic bacteria should be further studied.

Conclusions

In conclusion, this study demonstrated that P. multocida aspA was required for bacterial growth in complex medium and under anaerobic, acid, and iron-limited conditions. This study provides the first evidence for the role of aspA in iron acquisition. In addition, although the competitive index assay showed the wild-type strain outcompetes the aspA mutant strain, there was no significant difference in virulence between the mutant and the wild strains. The reasons need to be studied further.

Materials and methods

Bacterial strains and growth conditions

The wild-type bacterial strain used in these studies was P. multocida (C48–1), which was originally obtained from the China Veterinary Culture Collection Center. C48–1 is considered to be highly virulent in chickens. The bacterial strains and plasmids are described in Table 1. The aspA mutant â–³aspA::kan, was derived from the wild-type strain C48–1. Unless otherwise stated, all cultures were maintained in tryptone soy broth (TSB; Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI, USA) in the presence or absence of 150 μM 2,2′-dipyridyl (DPD; Sigma, Santa Clara, CA, USA), and in the presence or absence of oxygen at 37 °C. The following antibiotics were added to the selection media as required: kanamycin, 100 mg/mL; chloramphenicol, 100 mg/mL; ampicillin, 100 mg/mL; spectinomycin, 100 mg/mL and gentamicin, 100 mg/mL.

Table 1 Strains and plasmids used in this study
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Generation of the â–³aspA::kan mutant and complemented strains

The whole genome of P. multocida (C48–1) has not yet been sequenced, and all the primers were therefore based on the genomic sequence of Pm70 (GenBank accession: AE004439.1) (Table 2). AspA gene was deleted by allelic exchange through a recombinant suicide vector, which replaced the whole aspA gene with a 902 bp kanamycin-resistance cassette. Briefly, the 453 bp upstream and 447 bp downstream fragments of the P. multocida aspA gene were amplified using aspAU1-aspAU2 and aspAD1-aspAD2 primer sets (Table 2), respectively. The upstream and downstream fragments were fused by overlap polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using aspAU1-aspAD2 primers. The purified aspA deletion fragment was then cloned into pBC-Tn903 [39] at the Kpn I and BamH I restriction sites using T4 DNA ligase (Takara Bio Inc., Tokyo, Japan) to obtain the plasmid pBC-aspA. The kanamycin resistance (kanR) cassette amplified from pET-28a with the primers Kan-F1 and Kan-F2 (Table 2) was then inserted into the Not I and Sbf I sites of pBC-aspA to generate the plasmid pBC-aspA-kan. This plasmid was subsequently introduced into P. multocida C48–1 via electroporation to obtain a single crossover strain on TSB agar plates containing kanamycin and chloramphenicol. The second crossover strain was selected by chloramphenicol sensitivity and kanamycin resistance. Candidate mutant clones were confirmed by PCR screening using primers T1 and T2 (Table 2). The wild-type and deleted alleles could be differentiated on the basis of the size of the amplicon by agarose gel electrophoresis. The mutant strain was designated △aspA::kan.

Table 2 Primers used in this study
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For complementation of aspA mutants strains in P. multocida, the amplification of the promoter sequence (328 bp) and coding sequence (1419 bp) of aspA gene using two primers, CaspA1/2 (Table 2), was cloned into pAL99S [40] to obtain the plasmid pAL99S-aspA. Then, the recombinant plasmid and an empty vector were transformed into the aspA mutant strain via electroporation respectively. The two strains were selected on TSA containing kanamycin and spectinomycin and further confirmed by PCR and RT-PCR using primers M1/2 (outside the multiple cloning site of pAL99S) and qaspA1/2 (Table 2). The complementary strain was designated C△aspA::kan and the control strain was designated △aspA::kan (pAL99S).

Growth in complex media under aerobic conditions

We compared the growth rates among C48–1, △aspA::kan, C△aspA::kan and △aspA::kan (pAL99S) by determining the growth curves of the three strains in different media. Overnight cultures in TSB were centrifuged at 2300 g for 5 min and diluted to optical density OD600 = 1 before subculture at 1:100 in 5 ml TSB, LB, and MH media, respectively, and incubation at 37 °C with constant shaking under aerobic conditions. Samples were collected every hour for 18 h to determine the OD600 and create a growth curve.

We further explored the amino acid catabolism function of aspA by comparing the growth abilities of the parent and mutant strains in LB and MH in the presence or absence of fumarate. Overnight cultures in TSB were centrifuged and diluted to OD600 = 1 before subculture at 1:100 in 5 ml LB and MH media in the presence or absence of 20 mM fumarate (Sigma), respectively, followed by incubation at 37 °C with constant shaking under aerobic conditions. Samples were collected every hour for 18 h to determine the OD600 and create a growth curve. All growth experiments were performed twice independently with three replicates.

Growth under anaerobic conditions

AspA was shown to be essential for growth under anaerobic conditions in A. pleuropneumoniae [5] and C. jejuni [17]. To determine if aspA was also related to anaerobic tolerance in P. multocida, we compared the abilities of C48–1, △aspA::kan, C△aspA::kan and △aspA::kan (pAL99S) to grow in TSB under anaerobic conditions. Briefly, overnight cultures in TSB were centrifuged and diluted to OD600 = 1 before subculture at 1:100 into 5 ml TSB medium under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, in a MACS-MG-1000-controlled atmosphere workstation (DW Scientific, Japan), and then incubated at 37 °C with constant shaking. The absorbance at OD600 was measured after 16 h. All growth experiments were performed twice independently with three replicates.

Moreover, we explored the growth abilities of the parent and mutant strains in TSB under aerobic or anaerobic conditions in the presence or absence of fumarate. Overnight cultures were centrifuged and diluted to OD600 = 1 before subculture at 1:100 in 5 ml TSB media under aerobic or anaerobic conditions in the presence or absence of 20 mM fumarate, respectively, followed by incubation at 37 °C with constant shaking. The absorbance at OD600 was measured after 16 h. All growth experiments were performed twice independently with three replicates.

Growth under acid conditions

Overnight cultures in commercial TSB medium (pH = 7.3) were centrifuged at 2300 g for 5 min and diluted to OD600 = 1. Then the diluted cultures were subcultured at 1:100 in 5 ml TSB, pH = 7.3 or TSB, pH = 5.0 and then incubated at 37 °C with constant shaking for 1 h under aerobic conditions. The number of residual bacteria was counted by spreading serial dilutions onto TSA. All experiments were performed twice independently with three replicates.

DPD-sensitivity assays

We explored the effects of DPD concentrations on the growth of wild-type and mutant P. multocida, respectively C48–1 and △aspA::kan by examining their iron-limited growth in TSB containing the iron chelator DPD at 0, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 μM. Briefly, overnight cultures in TSB were centrifuged at 2300 g for 5 min and diluted to OD600 = 1 before subculture at 1:100 into ml TSB medium containing 0, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 μM DPD, followed by incubation at 37 °C with constant shaking under aerobic conditions. The absorbance at OD600 was measured after 16 h. All growth experiments were performed twice independently with three replicates.

Growth under iron-depleted conditions

We investigated the role of aspA in iron acquisition by comparing the ability of C48–1, △aspA::kan, C△aspA::kan and △aspA::kan (pAL99S) to grow in TSB in the presence or absence of DPD. Overnight cultures in TSB were centrifuged at 2300 g for 5 min and diluted to OD600 = 1 before subculture at 1:100 in 5 ml TSB medium containing 0 or 150 μM DPD, followed by incubation at 37 °C with constant shaking under aerobic conditions. Samples were collected every hour for 18 h to measure the OD600 and create a growth curve. All growth experiments were performed twice independently with three replicates.

Iron utilization under iron-depleted conditions

We explored the effects of different iron ions, FeCl3 and FeSO4 (Takara), on the growth of P. multocida C48–1 and △aspA::kan, C△aspA::kan and △aspA::kan (pAL99S) under iron-depleted conditions. FeCl3 or FeSO4 was added to TSB at a final concentration of 100 μM, followed by overnight culture, centrifugation, and dilution to OD600 = 1 before subculture at 1:100 in 5 ml TSB containing 0 or 150 μM DPD and incubation at 37 °C, with constant shaking in presence of oxygen. The absorbance at OD600 was measured after 16 h. All growth experiments were performed twice independently with three replicates.

Transcription of aspA under iron-depleted conditions

C48–1, △aspA::kan and C△aspA::kan were grown in TSB at 37 °C for 16 h with agitation. Overnight cultures in TSB were centrifuged at 2300 g for 5 min and diluted to OD600 = 1 before subculture at 1:100 in 5 ml TSB medium containing 0, 100, 150, and 200 μM DPD, followed by incubation at 37 °C with constant shaking in presence of oxygen to reach OD600 = 0.6. The strains were collected by centrifugation and total RNA were extracted using an RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). All RNA isolated from samples was DNase treated with DNA-Free (Sigma) and reverse transcribed into cDNA using an iScript cDNA Synthesis Kit (Promega, Wisconsin, USA) and oligo (dT) primers before quantitative PCR (qPCR). The mRNA expression levels of aspA and the reference gene 16 s rRNA were quantified by real-time PCR using SYBR Green Master Mix (Roche Diagnostics, Shanghai, China). The primers used for real-time PCR were designed using Primer Premier 5 (Premier Biosoft, Palo Alto, CA, USA) (Table 2). Expression levels were normalized to 16 s rRNA and presented as fold-change compared with the respective controls. All experiments were performed twice independently with three replicates.

Biofilm-formation assay

Biofilm formation by C48–1, △aspA::kan and C△aspA::kan was assessed by crystal violet staining in 6-well plates (Sigma) as described previously [41]. Briefly, overnight cultures in TSB were centrifuged and diluted to contain approximately 106 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml, and 200 μl of the standardized inoculum was inoculated in TSB with or without 150 μM DPD into triplicate wells in six-well plates. Uninoculated medium was used as a control. After incubation at 37 °C for 48 h under aerobic conditions, the final culture density was determined by measuring the OD600. The cells were then stained with crystal violet, washed, and the crystal violet was solubilized with 95% ethanol. The total biomass was quantified by measuring the OD600 of the dissolved crystal violet. To avoid any effects of different growth rates caused by DPD, the biomass of the biofilms was measured by crystal violet staining and expressed relative to the final culture density. All growth experiments were performed twice independently with three replicates.

Assessment of virulence in vivo

We investigated the role of aspA in virulence in chickens in vivo. Briefly, healthy, 55-day-old healthy chickens were purchased from a chicken farm (HuBei, PR China) and housed in cages under a 12 h light/dark cycle. Throughout the experiment, chickens were kept at 25–28 °C and provided with food and water ad libitum. C48–1 and aspA mutant were grown in TSB at 37 °C for 16 h in TSB with agitation under aerobic conditions. Overnight cultures were then centrifuged and diluted to contain approximately 10 and 100 CFU, respectively. The chickens were divided randomly into five groups of 10 each and injected intramuscularly with 10 or 100 CFU of the wildtype C48–1 or mutant strain △aspA::kan. The negative control group was injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Chicken mortality was recorded daily for a period of 12 days after the challenge. The remaining chickens were killed humanely with an intravenous injection of sodium pentobarbital (100 mg/kg bodyweight) at the end of the study.

In vivo competition assay

C48–1, aspA mutant and complemented strains were grown in TSB at 37 °C for 16 h with agitation. Overnight cultures were then centrifuged and diluted to contain approximately 103 CFU/ml, respectively. C48–1 were then mixed with △aspA::kan or C△aspA::kan at a 1:1 ratio and 55-day-old healthy chickens were injected intramuscularly with 200 μl of the mixture containing 100 CFU of each strain. At 24 h and 72 h after infection, tissue samples (0.25 g) from spleens and livers of the chickens (five per group) were collected, weighed, triturated in 900 μl of PBS, and homogenized. Subsequently, the homogenates were 10-fold serially diluted, and 100 μl of the diluted suspensions were plated on TSA agar with or without kanamycin (100 μg/ml). The mutant (or complement) titer was calculated from the CFU recovered on TSA agar containing kanamycin, and the bacterial load of wild-type was obtained from the CFU recovered on TSA agar and subtracted the number of the mutant. The results were shown as the log10 competitive index.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 5 (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) software for Windows. Differences were evaluated using Student’s t-tests. The value of P < 0.05 was considered significant.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

AspA :

Aspartate ammonia-lyase

P. multocida :

Pasteurella multocida

LB:

Luria- Bertani

MH:

Mueller-Hinton

C. jejuni :

Campylobacter jejuni

A. pleuropneumoniae :

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

TSB:

Tryptone Soya Broth

TSA:

Tryptic Soy Agar

KanR :

Kanamycin-resistance

CFU:

Colony Forming Unit

DPD:

2,2′-dipyridyl

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Prof. Dr. Qingping Luo for her careful review of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFD0500503), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31873017) and the Technical System of National Broiler Industry (CARS-41-G13).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Special one, Nanhuyaoyuan, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430064, China

    Zui Wang, Li Li, Peng Liu, Chen Wang, Qin Lu, Lina Liu, Qingping Luo & Huabin Shao

  2. Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Yichang, Yichang, 443000, China

    Peng Liu, Chen Wang & Xiaozhong Wang

  3. Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis, Special 1, Nanhuyaoyuan, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430064, China

    Qingping Luo & Huabin Shao

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Contributions

Experiments were conceived and designed by QL2 and HS. XW, LL1 and QL1 contributed to analysis and revision of the manuscript. Experiments were performed by ZW, LL2, and PL. The data were analyzed by CW. The manuscript was written by ZW. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Qingping Luo or Huabin Shao.

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All animal experimental procedures were sanctioned by the National Ethical Commission (Hubei Province P.R. China). All animal procedures were performed according to the regulations and guidelines established by the local ethic committee of the Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Hubei Province, P.R. China) and international standards for animal welfare.

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Wang, Z., Li, L., Liu, P. et al. Role of aspartate ammonia-lyase in Pasteurella multocida. BMC Microbiol 20, 369 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-020-02049-2

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BMC Microbiology

ISSN: 1471-2180

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