World Health Organization – leishmaniasis.http://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/disease_epidemiology/en/index.html,
Raman VS, Duthie MS, Fox CB, Matlashewski G, Reed SG: Adjuvants for Leishmania vaccines: from models to clinical application. Front Immunol. 2012, 3: 1-15.
Article
Google Scholar
Bhowmick S, Ali N: Recent developments in leishmaniasis vaccine delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008, 5 (7): 789-803. 10.1517/17425247.5.7.789.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Afrin F, Ali N: Adjuvanticity and protective immunity elicited by Leishmania donovani antigens encapsulated in positively charged liposomes. Infect Immun. 1997, 65 (6): 2371-2377.
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mazumdar T, Anam K, Ali N: A mixed Th1/Th2 response elicited by a liposomal formulation of Leishmania vaccine instructs Th1 responses and resistance to Leishmania donovani in susceptible BALB/c mice. Vaccine. 2004, 22 (9–10): 1162-1171.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N: Vaccination route that induces transforming growth factor beta production fails to elicit protective immunity against Leishmania donovani infection. Infect Immun. 2009, 77 (4): 1514-1523. 10.1128/IAI.01739-07.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Marrack P, McKee AS, Munks MW: Towards an understanding of the adjuvant action of aluminium. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009, 9 (4): 287-293. 10.1038/nri2510.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kenney RT, Sacks DL, Sypek JP, Vilela L, Gam AA, Evans-Davis K: Protective immunity using recombinant human IL-12 and alum as adjuvants in a primate model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Immunol. 1999, 163 (8): 4481-4488.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Misra A, Dube A, Srivastava B, Sharma P, Srivastava JK, Katiyar JC, Naik S: Successful vaccination against Leishmania donovani infection in Indian langur using alum-precipitated autoclaved Leishmania major with BCG. Vaccine. 2001, 19 (25–26): 3485-3492.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kamil AA, Khalil EA, Musa AM, Modabber F, Mukhtar MM, Ibrahim ME, Zijlstra EE, Sacks D, Smith PG, Zicker F, et al.: Alum-precipitated autoclaved Leishmania major plus bacille Calmette-Guerrin, a candidate vaccine for visceral leishmaniasis: safety, skin-delayed type hypersensitivity response and dose finding in healthy volunteers. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2003, 97 (3): 365-368. 10.1016/S0035-9203(03)90171-4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Musa AM, Khalil EAG, Mahgoub FAE, Elgawi SHH, Modabber F, Elkadaru AEMY, Aboud MH, Noazin S, Ghalib HW, El-Hassan AM, et al.: Immunochemotherapy of persistent post-kata-azar dermal leishmaniasis: a novel approach to treatment. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008, 102 (1): 58-63. 10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.08.006.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sun H-X, Xie Y, Ye Y-P: Advances in saponin-based adjuvants. Vaccine. 2009, 27 (12): 1787-1796. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.091.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Santos WR, de Lima VMF, de Souza EP, Bernardo RR, Palatnik M, de Sousa CBP: Saponins, IL12 and BCG adjuvant in the FML-vaccine formulation against murine visceral leishmaniasis. Vaccine. 2002, 21 (1–2): 30-43.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Borja-Cabrera GP, Pontes NNC, da Silva VO, de Souza EP, Santos WR, Gomes EM, Luz KG, Palatnik M, de Sousa CBP: Long lasting protection against canine kala-azar using the FML-QuilA saponin vaccine in an endemic area of Brazil (Sao Goncalo do Amarante, RN). Vaccine. 2002, 20 (27–28): 3277-3284.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Santos WR, Aguiar IA, de Souza EP, de Lima VMF, Palatnik M, Palatnik-de-Sousa CB: Immunotherapy against murine experimental visceral leishmaniasis with the FML-vaccine. Vaccine. 2003, 21 (32): 4668-4676. 10.1016/S0264-410X(03)00527-9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Borja-Cabrera GP, Mendes AC, de Souza EP, Okada LYH, Trivellato FAD, Kawasaki JKA, Costa AC, Reis AB, Genaro O, Batista LMM, et al.: Effective immunotherapy against canine visceral leishmaniasis with the FML-vaccine. Vaccine. 2004, 22 (17–18): 2234-2243.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Santos FN, Borja-Cabrera GP, Miyashiro LM, Grechi J, Reis AB, Moreira MAB, Martins Filho OA, Luvizotto MCR, Menz I, Pessoa LM, et al.: Immunotherapy against experimental canine visceral leishmaniasis with the saponin enriched-Leishmune® vaccine. Vaccine. 2007, 25 (33): 6176-6190. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.06.005.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bhowmick S, Ravindran R, Ali N: Leishmanial antigens in liposomes promote protective immunity and provide immunotherapy against visceral leishmaniasis via polarized Th1 response. Vaccine. 2007, 25 (35): 6544-6556. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.05.042.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ghose AC, Haldar JP, Pal SC, Mishra BP, Mishra KK: Serological investigations on Indian kala-azar. Clin Exp Immunol. 1980, 40 (2): 318-326.
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Deak E, Jayakumar A, Cho KW, Goldsmith-Pestana K, Dondji B, Lambris JD, McMahon-Pratt D: Murine visceral leishmaniasis: IgM and polyclonal B-cell activation lead to disease exacerbation. Eur J Immunol. 2010, 40 (5): 1355-1368. 10.1002/eji.200939455.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Coffman RL, Lebman DA, Rothman P: Mechanism and regulation of immunoglobulin isotype switching. Adv Immunol. 1993, 54: 229-270.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shargh VH, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A, Jaafari I, Jalali SA, Abbasi A, Badiee A: Liposomal SLA co-incorporated with PO CpG ODNs or CpG ODNs induce the same protection against the murine model of leishmaniasis. Vaccine. 2012, 30 (26): 3957-3964. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.040.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A, Samiei A, Soroush D, Kheiri MT, Barkhordari F, McMaster WR, Mahboudi F: Enhancement of immune response and protection in BALB/c mice immunized with liposomal recombinant major surface glycoprotein of Leishmania (rgp63): The role of bilayer composition. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2009, 74 (1): 37-44. 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.06.025.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gicheru MM, Olobo JO, Anjili CO, Orago AS, Modabber F, Scott P: Vervet monkeys vaccinated with killed Leishmania major parasites and interleukin-12 develop a type 1 immune response but are not protected against challenge infection. Infect Immun. 2001, 69 (1): 245-251. 10.1128/IAI.69.1.245-251.2001.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Khalil EAG, Musa AM, Modabber F, El-Hassan AM: Safety and immunogenicity of a candidate vaccine for visceral leishmaniasis (Alum-precipitated autoclaved Leishmania major plus BCG) in children: an extended phase II study. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2006, 26 (4): 357-361. 10.1179/146532806X152890.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Khalil EAG, Ayed NB, Musa AM, Ibrahim ME, Mukhtar MM, Zijlstra EE, Elhassan IM, Smith PG, Kieny PM, Ghalib HW, et al.: Dichotomy of protective cellular immune responses to human visceral leishmaniasis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005, 140 (2): 349-353. 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02768.x.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nateghi RM, Keshavarz H, Khamesipour A: Immune response of BALB/c mice against an experimental vaccine of Alum precipitated autoclaved Leishmania major (Alum-ALM) mixed with BCG or Mycobacterium vaccae. Trop Biomed. 2010, 27 (1): 89-102.
Google Scholar
Nico D, Claser C, Borja-Cabrera GP, Travassos LR, Palatnik M, Soares IS, Rodrigues MM, Palatnik-de-Sousa CB: Adaptive immunity against leishmania nucleoside hydrolase maps its C-terminal domain as the target of the CD4+ T cell-driven protective response. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010, 4 (11): 1-13.
Article
Google Scholar
Grenfell RFQ, Marques-da-Silva EA, Souza-Testasicca MC, Coelho EAF, Fernandes AP, Afonso LCC, Rezende SA: Antigenic extracts of Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania amazonensis associated with saponin partially protects BALB/c mice against Leishmania chagasi infection by suppressing IL-10 and IL-4 production. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2010, 105 (6): 818-822. 10.1590/S0074-02762010000600015.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bhowmick S, Ali N: Identification of novel Leishmania donovani antigens that help define correlates of vaccine-mediated protection in visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One. 2009, 4 (6): e5820-10.1371/journal.pone.0005820.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Platzer C, Richter G, Uberla K, Muller W, Blocker H, Diamantstein T, Blankenstein T: Analysis of cytokine messenger-RNA levels in interleukin-4-transgenic mice by quantitative polymerase chain-reaction. Eur J Immunol. 1992, 22 (5): 1179-1184. 10.1002/eji.1830220511.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dandrea A, Ma XJ, Asteamezaga M, Paganin C, Trinchieri G: Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 on the production of cytokines by human peripheral-blood mononuclear-cells - priming for IL-12 and tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha production. J Exp Med. 1995, 181 (2): 537-546. 10.1084/jem.181.2.537.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Mohr E, Cunningham AF, Toellner K-M, Bobat S, Coughlan RE, Bird RA, MacLennan ICM, Serre K: IFN-gamma produced by CD8 T cells induces T-bet-dependent and -independent class switching in B cells in responses to alum-precipitated protein vaccine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010, 107 (40): 17292-17297. 10.1073/pnas.1004879107.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sjolander A, Baldwin TM, Curtis JM, Handman E: Induction of a Th1 immune response and simultaneous lack of activation of a Th2 response are required for generation of immunity to leishmaniasis. J Immunol. 1998, 160 (8): 3949-3957.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Oliveira-Freitas E, Casas CP, Borja-Cabrera GP, Santos FN, Nico D, Souza LOP, Tinoco LW, da Silva BP, Palatnik M, Parente JP, et al.: Acylated and deacylated saponins of Quillaja saponaria mixture as adjuvants for the FML-vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis. Vaccine. 2006, 24 (18): 3909-3920. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.02.034.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tadokoro CE, Macedo MS, Abrahamsohn IA: Saponin adjuvant primes for a dominant interleukin-10 production to ovalbumin and to Trypanosoma cruzi antigen. Immunology. 1996, 89 (3): 368-374. 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1996.d01-767.x.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Karp CL, Elsafi SH, Wynn TA, Satti MMH, Kordofani AM, Hashim FA, Hagali M, Neva FA, Nutman TB, Sacks DL: In vivo cytokine profiles in patients with kala-azar - marked elevation of both interleukin-10 and interferon-gamma. J Clin Invest. 1993, 91 (4): 1644-1648. 10.1172/JCI116372.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Murphy ML, Wille U, Villegas EN, Hunter CA, Farrell JP: IL-10 mediates susceptibility to Leishmania donovani infection. Eur J Immunol. 2001, 31 (10): 2848-2856. 10.1002/1521-4141(2001010)31:10<2848::AID-IMMU2848>3.0.CO;2-T.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Murray HW, Lu CM, Mauze S, Freeman S, Moreira AL, Kaplan G, Coffman RL: Interleukin-10 (IL-10) in experimental visceral leishmaniasis and IL-10 receptor blockade as immunotherapy. Infect Immun. 2002, 70 (11): 6284-6293. 10.1128/IAI.70.11.6284-6293.2002.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stober CB, Lange UG, Roberts MTM, Alcami A, Blackwell JM: IL-10 from regulatory T cells determines vaccine efficacy in murine Leishmania major infection. J Immunol. 2005, 175 (4): 2517-2524.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Roberts MTM, Stober CB, McKenzie AN, Blackwell JM: Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10 collude in vaccine failure for novel exacerbatory antigens in murine Leishmania major infection. Infect Immun. 2005, 73 (11): 7620-7628. 10.1128/IAI.73.11.7620-7628.2005.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stanley AC, Engwerda CR: Balancing immunity and pathology in visceral leishmaniasis. Immunol Cell Biol. 2007, 85 (2): 138-147. 10.1038/sj.icb7100011.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Okwor I, Uzonna J: Persistent parasites and immunologic memory in cutaneous leishmaniasis: implications for vaccine designs and vaccination strategies. Immunol Res. 2008, 41 (2): 123-136. 10.1007/s12026-008-8016-2.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gautam S, Kumar R, Maurya R, Nylen S, Ansari N, Rai M, Sundar S, Sacks D: IL-10 neutralization promotes parasite clearance in splenic aspirate cells from patients with visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis. 2011, 204 (7): 1134-1137. 10.1093/infdis/jir461.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ: Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951, 193: 265-275.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stauber LA, Franchino EM, Grun J: An eight-day method for screening compounds against Leishmania donovani in the golden hamster. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 1958, 5: 269-273.
CAS
Google Scholar