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Blp1 protein shows virulence-associated features and elicits protective immunity to Acinetobacter baumannii infection

BMC Microbiology volume 19, Article number: 259 (2019) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the major infection agents causing nosocomial pneumonia. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches against this bacterium are needed. Surface-exposed proteins from bacterial pathogens are implicated in a variety of virulence-related traits and are considered as promising candidates for vaccine development.

Results

We show in this study that a large Blp1 protein from opportunistic pathogen A. baumannii is encoded in all examined clinical strains of globally spread international clonal lineages I (IC I) and II (IC II). The two blp1 gene variants exhibit lineage-specific distribution profile. By characterization of blp1 deletion mutants and their complementation with blp1 alleles we show that blp1 gene is required for A. baumannii biofilm formation and adhesion to epithelial cells in IC I strain but not in the IC II strain. Nevertheless both alleles are functional in restoring the deficient phenotypes of IC I strain. Moreover, the blp1 gene is required for the establishing of A. baumannii virulence phenotype in nematode and murine infection models. Additionally, we demonstrate that C-terminal 711 amino acid fragment of Blp1 elicits an efficient protection to lethal A. baumannii infection in a murine model using active and passive immunization approaches. Antiserum obtained against Blp1-specific antigen provides opsonophagocytic killing of A. baumannii in vitro.

Conclusions

Lineage-specific variants of surface-exposed components of bacterial pathogens complicate the development of new therapeutic approaches. Though we demonstrated different impact of Blp1 variants on adherence of IC I and IC II strains, Blp1-specific antiserum neutralized A. baumannii strains of both clonal lineages. Together with the observed increased survival rate in vaccinated mice these results indicate that A. baumannii Blp1 protein could be considered as a new vaccine candidate.

Background

Acinetobacter baumannii is a widely spread opportunistic pathogen causing pneumonia, sepsis and soft tissue infections [1]. A. baumannii is the most dangerous to critically ill patients and is responsible for hospital infection outbreaks, especially in the intensive care units [2, 3]. Antibiotic therapy is complicated due to the global spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, non-susceptible to most antibiotic classes [4]. Therefore, A. baumannii has been considered as a top priority pathogen for which new drugs and therapeutic options are urgently needed [5].

Among strategies considered, the vaccine-based approaches show the greatest potential [6]. However, the main challenge to identify an efficient vaccine candidate against A. baumannii infections still remains [6]. The desirable antigens should be highly prevalent surface-exposed bacterial proteins and possess high degree of conservation among clinical strains. However, the vast majority of clinical A. baumannii isolates possess a thick outer layer of polysaccharides (capsule), which efficiently protects pathogens from the host immunity by shielding cell surface antigens [7, 8]. To be able to adhere to the host cells and form biofilms, capsulated pathogens use long extended molecules such as adhesins or pili-like structures, penetrating the thick capsule [9, 10]. Exploring the characteristics of such surface-exposed proteins and their role in pathogenesis might reveal the new targets suitable for antimicrobial therapy against clinical A. baumannii MDR strains.

The A. baumannii Blp1 protein (also named as BapA, GenBank accession number: WP_126655828) has been recently identified to exhibit structural organization, similar to that of a giant A. baumannii protein called Bap (biofilm-associated protein) [11]. Blp1 exhibits a tripartite structure, which includes C-terminal and N-terminal domains, separated by a large portion of a repetitive region containing combinations of various motifs including bacterial Ig-like (Big) domains. The Big-like domains, present in both Blp1 and Bap proteins, are a characteristic feature of some bacterial fimbrial and non-fimbrial adhesins, which enhance the attachment to various materials, such as host cells or abiotic surfaces [9, 12,13,14]. Indeed, it has been demonstrated recently that the deletion of blp1 gene decreases A. baumannii biofilm formation and adhesion to the lung epithelial cells A549 [11]. Unlike the bap gene, which seems to be truncated in a number of A. baumannii genomes, the intact blp1 allele was common in A. baumannii genomes analyzed [11]. Therefore, the predicted bacterial surface-associated features of Blp1 protein and the prevalence of blp1 gene in bacterial genomes make Blp1 an attractive antigen candidate for vaccination-based strategies against MDR A. baumannii.

Two major A. baumannii pandemic clonal lineages, namely IC I and IC II, cause the highest percentage of hospital acquired A. baumannii infections worldwide [2, 3]. Genome analysis of the strains belonging to these two clonal lineages demonstrated the significant differences in genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance [15,16,17]. Due to high carbapenem-resistance, the IC II lineage strains are characterized through the increased nosocomial spread in many countries during the recent years [2, 3]. Since lineage-depended genetic differences were also observed in surface-related components [15,16,17], the substantial role of these specific genes variants in A. baumannii dissemination and pathogenesis could be assumed. The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence and distribution of blp1 gene variants among clinical A. baumannii strains, belonging to the most globally spread clonal lineages, to assess the role of blp1 gene in virulence-related features and, most importantly, to evaluate the efficiency of Blp1 protein-based vaccine against A. baumannii in murine infection model.

Results

The distribution of blp1 alleles in clinical A. baumannii strains of international clonal lineages I and II

A. baumannii is characterized by a high degree of genomic variability [15,16,17] and this trait was recently demonstrated for blp1 gene [11]. Therefore, we were interested in the prevalence and variability of blp1 gene in the clinically relevant strains belonging to two predominant clones IC I and IC II. First, we have performed analysis of the genomes of strains with the assigned clonal lineage I or II, available in NCBI Genbank and have observed a clear association of two different blp1 allele variants with either IC I or IC II lineage strains (Fig. 1a). The number of bacterial Ig-like repeat units (Bigs) encoded in blp1 gene varied among the strains, typically 26 units found in gene variant in IC I strains and 24–25 units in its counterpart in IC II strains (Fig. 1b). Two types of repeats, named Big_3_2 and Big_6, were identified in both alleles. The Blp1 protein variants encoded in the genomes of IC I and IC II strains showed 71–74% identity. Approximately 160 amino acids at the Blp1 C-terminus harboring RTX-toxin domain and T1SS signal sequence were conserved in both protein variants. Whereas the region of approximately 540 amino acids between Big repeats and RTX-domain, contained IC-specific variations (Fig. 1a). The observed A. baumannii Blp1 C-terminal sequence variations, commonly found in bacterial surface exposed structures [18, 19], are in line with the proposed Blp1 surface association.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Allelic variations of Blp1 among the strains of two major A. baumannii pandemic clones. a – an alignment of Blp1 sequences in A. baumannii IC I and IC II strains, available in NCBI Genbank; black areas indicate 100% identity, variable regions are in grey and the absence of the region is indicated by the thin strip; numbers demonstrate the position of amino acids; alignment was prepared using TexShade tool. b – organization of Blp1 protein domains in representative strains of IC I (AYE) and IC II (AB_1656–2) clonal lineages.; green and red boxes represent bacterial immunoglobulin-like 3_2 type (Big_3_2), and immunoglobulin-like 6 type (Big_6) domains, respectively, blue boxes represent RTX domains; domain organization was identified using HHMER tool

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Next, to confirm the relationship of blp1 gene alleles with the IC lineages, we designed the primer pairs (Additional file 1: Table S1) specifically targeting each allele variant and screened for their prevalence in the collection of clinical A. baumannii isolates representing IC I (n = 72) and IC II (n = 50) clonal lineages. All tested IC I strains were found to possess blp1IC I allele, while all IC II strains contained blp1IC II allele, showing the distribution profile, strictly specific for clonal lineage, thereby confirming the trait observed from the in silico analysis (Fig. 1a).

The loss of blp1 gene differently impacts the ability of A. baumannii IC I and IC II strains to form biofilm

The observed blp1 polymorphism among IC I and IC II strains prompted us to investigate their functionality differences by assessing the virulence-related A. baumannii properties. For this purpose, two representative clinical A. baumannii isolates belonging to IC I and IC II clonal lineages, designated AbIC I and AbIC II, respectively, were selected from the collection of previously characterized clinical isolates [20] and used for further analysis. Their characteristics are represented in Additional file 1: Table S1. The AbIC I and AbIC II strains were assigned to ST231 and ST208 sequence types, respectively, according to the Oxford MLST typing scheme. Both these sequence types were found to be globally disseminated [21, 22]. Markerless deletions of blp1 allelic variants in AbIC I and AbIC II strains were generated as described in Materials and Methods. Notably, the blp1 deletions did not result in any alterations of the growth of mutant strains (data not shown). For the complementation experiments, plasmids pblp1IC I and pblp1IC II carrying blp1 allelic variants were constructed and introduced into AbIC IΔblp1 and AbIC IIΔblp1 strains as described in Materials and Methods. The loss of endogenous blp1 gene expression in the Δblp1 mutants and restoration of blp1 expression by complementation, has been verified by qPCR using primers BaprB/BapRaiR (Additional file 1: Table S1; Additional file 2: Figure S1).

Firstly, the biofilm formation of AbIC IΔblp1 and AbIC IIΔblp1 mutants and their blp1-complemented strains was assessed. Bacteria were grown on the plastic surface and the formed structures were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) using SYTO9 and propidium iodide (PI) staining as described in Materials and Methods. Interestingly, 2 h post-seeding, the initial attachment of bacteria to the plastic surface, based on the increase of PI-stained (red stain) versus total amount of bacteria (green stain) was affected in AbIC IΔblp1 mutant, demonstrating up to 55% increase in PI-stained bacteria compared with the parental strain (Fig. 2a, upper panels). Contrary to the AbIC IΔblp1 mutant, the AbIC IIΔblp1 strain showed no alterations in the initial attachment compared to the parent, evident through the lack of PI-stained bacteria and through the formation of more uniform biofilm structure similar to parental strain (Fig. 2a, lower panels). To verify that the observed phenotype of AbIC IΔblp1 was indeed blp1-dependent, we introduced plasmids pblp1IC I and pblp1IC II carrying respective blp1 alleles into AbIC IΔblp1 bacteria and assessed their attachment to the plastic surface. Notably, both blp1 alleles efficiently restored the phenotype of AbIC IΔblp1 mutant manifested by the reduction in PI-stained cells compared to the AbIC IΔblp1 mutant carrying control plasmid (Fig. 2b and Additional file 3: Figure S2).

Fig. 2
figure 2

CLSM analysis of biofilms formed by the A. baumannii IC I and IC II strains. a – 3D visualization of initial attachment to the plastic by A. baumannii blp1 gene deletion mutants and parental strains assessed after 2 h of incubation; bacteria were stained with SYTO9 (green) and propidium iodide (red). b – number of propidium iodide stained bacteria after 2 h of incubation, compared to the total amount of cells and expressed as a percentage; error bars represent standard errors from the measurements of six different CLSM pictures, significance was assessed by t-test, (*P < 0.05). c – mature biofilm formation after 24 h of incubation; A. baumannii parental strains and blp1 gene deletion mutants were stained with SYTO9 (green) and propidium iodide (red); representative top and side views are given

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Next, we analyzed changes in the structure of mature biofilms formed by AbIC IΔblp1 and AbIC IIΔblp1 strains and their parental strains after growth for 24 h. The blp1IC I gene deletion resulted in the reduced thickness of the layer of viable cells in a mature biofilm formed by IC I strain and in an increased amount of PI-stained layer, which most likely represents the extracellular DNA (eDNA) producing cells [23] (Fig. 2c, upper panels). Notably, the structure of a mature biofilm formed by AbIC II strain differed from that produced by AbIC I strain, evident through a non-uniform appearance of PI-stained zones, although no apparent differences in the biofilm structure were observed between AbIC IIΔblp1 strain and its parent (Fig. 2c, lower panels). Clearly visible upper PI-stained layer in AbIC II biofilm, which was absent in AbIC I, indicates the different biofilm maturation compared to AbIC I strain.

We have noticed that AbIC II strain tended to rapidly form multi-layered clusters in 2 h after seeding (Fig. 2a). Further maturation of these clusters accumulating a high amount of eDNA, possibly could provide an efficient protection against environmental stress, as this behavior was described for other pathogenic bacteria [24]. Therefore, the results, presented above suggest, that blp1 allele variants have distinct impact on the biofilm formation by A. baumannii IC I and IC II strains.

The blp1 gene is required for the adhesion of AbIC I strain to lung epithelium cells

To investigate the role of IC-associated blp1 variants on the adhesion phenotype, strains comprising AbIC I and AbIC II, their blp1 deletion mutants and Δblp1 strains complemented with plasmids containing respective blp1 allelic variants were tested for the adhesive properties using mouse lung epithelium LL/2 cells (see Materials and Methods). The blp1 deletion resulted in a reduction of adhesion of AbIC IΔblp1 strain by three-fold (Fig. 3, left panel), whereas the loss of blp1 allele in IC II strain had no effect on the adhesion (Fig. 3, right panel). Nevertheless, while dispensable for the adhesion of AbIC II strain, the blp1IC II allele was able to restore adhesive properties of AbIC IΔblp1 mutant at the level, similar to that of cognate version of blp1 thereby indicating functionality of both blp1 variants (Fig. 3, left panel).

Fig. 3
figure 3

Adhesion of A. baumannii IC I and IC II strains to the lung epithelium LL/2 cells. Bacterial adhesion to the LL/2 cells after 1.5 h of incubation was expressed as a percentage of the CFUs of adhered bacteria compared to the total number of CFUs of the initial inoculum; error bars represent standard errors from at least three independent experiments; significance was assessed by t-test, (*P < 0.05)

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Therefore, both blp1 gene variants encode proteins that are functional in supporting adhesion of A. baumannii to lung epithelium cells, though blp1 deletion in AbIC II strain had no impact on this phenotype.

Loss of blp1 gene affects A. baumannii virulence in Caenorhabditis elegans and murine infection models

The observed unequal role of blp1 alleles in biofilm formation and cell adhesion prompted us to evaluate their importance in A. baumannii host colonization. For this purpose, C. elegans fertility model was applied as described in Materials and Methods section. As can be seen in Fig. 4a, blp1 deletion in both AbIC I and AbIC II strains resulted in approximately 1.5-fold increase of worm progeny compared to that observed when C. elegans was infected with the parental strains, indicating reduced virulence in blp1 deletion mutants.

Fig. 4
figure 4

A. baumannii virulence in animal infection models. a – C. elegans fertility was evaluated after 3 days of nematodes growth in the presence of A. baumannii bacteria on NGM plates; box plot represents the count of nematodes progeny after incubation; data are given from at least two independent experiments, three plates were used in the each experiment; black lines represent medians and whiskers – minimum to maximum values. b – mice sepsis infection model represented as relative amount of A. baumannii CFUs in the spleens from BALB/c mice 6 h after infection compared to the injected amount of total CFUs (n = 4 mice per group); mice were intraperitoneally infected with 4 × 105 CFU and 9.5 × 105 CFU of AbIC I and AbIC IΔblp1, respectively; each dot represents one mouse, black lines indicate averages, whiskers represent standard deviations

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Both blp1 variants when present on the plasmids were able to restore impaired virulence of AbIC IIΔblp1 strain manifested by the decrease in worm progeny numbers. Interestingly, the virulent properties of AbIC IΔblp1 strain demonstrated towards C. elegans, were complemented with the cognate blp1 allele only (Fig. 4a).

Next, we investigated the role of blp1 gene in A. baumannii ability to colonize a vertebrate host. For this purpose, the AbIC I strain and its Δblp1 mutant were used for the infection. BALB/c mice were infected intraperitoneally and the bacterial burden in the spleens was examined upon 6 h after infection as described in Materials and Methods. As can be seen in Fig. 4b, approximately three-fold reduction in bacterial loads was observed in mice infected with AbIC IΔblp1 strain compared with those treated with the parental strain indicating the importance of A. baumannii blp1 gene in establishing infection within the host.

Immunization with C-terminal fragment of Blp1 protein protects from the lethal A. baumannii infection in mice

Our observation that A. baumannii Blp1 proteins, encoded by blp1 gene variants, share conservative C-terminal 160 amino acid fragment, led us to propose, that it could represent a suitable antigen candidate for investigation of immune-stimulatory properties of Blp1 protein. To increase the number of antigenic moieties displayed at the likely surface-exposed C-terminus of Blp1, 711 amino acids of C-terminal Blp1 from AbIC I (residues 2652–3362) with a N-terminus His-Tag was purified by affinity chromatography as described in Materials and Methods (Additional file 4: Figure S3).

First, the cytotoxicity of purified recombinant Blp1 fragment has been evaluated using mouse lung epithelium LL/2 cells. The purified antigen demonstrated a mild suppressing effect on the growth of LL/2 cells in vitro in the concentration range from 2.5 to 10 μg/ml allowing the maintenance of approximately 90–83% viability of the cells for 24 h (Fig. 5a). Mild cytotoxicity of purified Blp1-specific antigen towards lung epithelium cells suggests that it represents a safe candidate antigen for vaccination.

Fig. 5
figure 5

The effects of Blp1 C-terminal fragment as an immunization agent. a – proliferation rates of LL/2 cells were determined by MTS assay after 24 h of incubation with different concentrations of recombinant Blp1 fragment; error bars represent standard deviations from three repeats; b – titers of Blp1-specific IgG in mice were detected by ELISA (n = 5 mice per group); naïve sera obtained from mice, that received adjuvant with PBS were used as a control; horizontal line represents detection limit of the assay. c – mice survival rates after active vaccination using A. baumannii sepsis model; mice (n = 5 mice per group) were challenged intraperitoneally with 108 CFUs of AbIC I and were monitored for 7 days; d – passive vaccination effect on the mice survival using A. baumannii sepsis model; control group received the serum obtained from mice, immunized with PBS and Freund’s adjuvant; mice (n = 3 mice per group) were challenged intraperitoneally with 5 × 107 CFU of AbIC I and were monitored for 45 days

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For the active immunization, the 2 μg of the recombinant Blp1 fragment were injected into BALB/c mice (n = 5 per group) intramuscularly at the frequency of every 2 weeks, three times in total. At the fourth day after the last immunization, the blood samples were taken and obtained antisera were used for the determination of Blp1-specific-IgG titer by ELISA. The obtained results showed the induction of specific IgG response in the animal group immunized with Blp1 specific antigen compared to the control group (Fig. 5b). Then, on day 42nd, the intraperitoneal challenge with A. baumannii AbIC I strain (108 CFU per mouse) has been undertaken and the mice survival rates were monitored for 7 days. The animal group, which received Blp1 specific antigen, demonstrated the 60% survival rate, whereas no survival in the control group was recorded (Fig. 5c).

For the passive immunization, the antisera, obtained from the mice immunized with Blp1 specific antigen and from the control group, treated with PBS, were used. Antisera were injected intraperitoneally into the naïve mice (n = 3 per group). Six hours later, animals were challenged with A. baumannii by inoculating 5 × 107 CFUs of AbIC I strain. The survival was monitored for 45 days. As can be seen in the results presented in Fig. 5d, the group, which received antiserum against Blp1 specific antigen, yielded 100% survival rate, whereas group of mice, that received serum from the control group, resulted in 0% survival indicating an efficient protective immunity to A. baumannii infection, exerted by Blp1 specific antiserum.

Antiserum against Blp1 C-terminal fragment induces opsonophagocytic killing of A. baumannii 

To identify the main mechanism responsible for antimicrobial activity of obtained Blp1-antiserum, the A. baumannii AbIC I and AbIC II strains were incubated for 1 h with heat-treated (to inactivate complement components) Blp1-specific and naïve serum in the presence or absence of J744 macrophages (see Materials and Methods). The presence of macrophages increased killing against both AbIC I and AbIC II strains by approximately 20%, when inactivated Blp1-antiserum was present and compared to naïve serum (Fig. 6). In the absence of macrophages, killing efficiency of A. baumannii was negligible regardless the origin of inactivated antisera.

Fig. 6
figure 6

Blp1-antiserum-depended opsonophagocytic killing of A. baumannii IC I and IC II strains. The bactericidal killing activities of heat-treated Blp1-antiserum and heat-treated naïve serum were analyzed on A. baumannii AbIC I and AbIC II strains in the presence and absence of J774 macrophages; each dot represents one mouse, black lines indicate averages and whiskers represent standard errors; significance was assessed by t-test, (*P < 0.05)

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Therefore, an increase of opsonophagocytic killing of A. baumannii using heat-inactivated Blp1-antiserum indicates that the antimicrobial activity is macrophage-mediated and not complement-depended.

Discussion

The A. baumannii Blp1 protein belongs to RTX (Repeats-in-toxin) domain-containing protein family [25], however its cellular location is not known. The presence of the T1SS recognition sequence at the very end of C-terminus indicates the secretion of Blp1 via the type I secretion system. The predicted structural organization of A. baumannii Blp1 protein such as the presence of multiple Big-like repeats, suggests that it displays properties, which are similar to those observed in extended bacterial fimbrial type adhesins [9, 12, 14]. Indeed, the requirement of A. baumannii blp1 gene for the adhesion of IC I strain AYE to the A549 lung epithelium cells was recently reported [11]. We performed a homology search using Swiss-Model platform and the results revealed giant surface-exposed proteins such as SiiE from Salmonella enterica and MpIBP from Marinomonas primoryensis as A. baumannii Blp1 structural homologues (data not shown). Based on the structural investigations, the features of potential adhesin, anchored on the surface of bacterium via its N-terminus have been proposed for Salmonella enterica SiiE protein [12]. Similarly, the N-terminal domains of MpIBP protein have been suggested to anchor the ice and diatom binding adhesin to the outer membrane of M. primoryensis [14]. Our in silico analysis revealed a short (18 residues) α-helix as a potential transmembrane sequence at the N-terminus of A. baumannii Blp1 protein (residues 120–137), which could anchor the protein in A. baumannii outer membrane, however, additional investigations are needed to determine the exact mechanism of A. baumannii Blp1 immobilization on the surface of bacteria.

Our bioinformatic analysis did not reveal any specific adhesive modules at the C-terminus of A. baumannii Blp1, similar to those present at the C-terminus of its structural homolog such as in M. primoryensis MpIBP [14]. However, this study demonstrated the surface adhesion-related properties of Blp1 protein that strongly indicate its role as a bacterial adhesin.

Consistent with the previous study using A. baumannii IC I strain AYE [11], the deletion of a large blp1 gene affected the structure of biofilm formed by AbIC I strain of the common ST231 serotype. The AbIC IΔblp1 mutant formed areas with reduced biofilm thickness and increased PI-stained layer. Similar phenotype of impaired biofilm formation was observed for A. baumannii IC I strain AB307–0294, which lacked gene coding for Bap, a giant surface-associated protein [26]. We have observed the PI-stained bacteria of AbIC IΔblp1 strain at the initial phase of biofilm formation. The early accumulation of PI-stained bacteria might indicate an abnormal biofilm maturation, as a consequence of the absence of bacterial secreted factors needed for biofilm structure formation. The lack of blp1 could result in liberation of eDNA, as an additional reinforcement material for the extracellular matrix [23]. Interestingly, the impairment of the biofilm formation was observed for AbIC IΔblp1 mutant only, whereas the deletion of its counterpart in IC II strain had no effect suggesting a different role of blp1 variants on the biofilm-related phenotype in these strains. Moreover, the same trait of different impact of blp1 alleles was clearly seen in the adherence of IC I and IC II strains to lung epithelium cells. However, both blp1 alleles were able to restore phenotypes at a similar level in adhesion-defective AbIC IΔblp1 mutant. As the blp1 gene transcription was confirmed in both IC I and IC II strains (Additional file 2: Figure S1), the observed differences could be explained by the redundancy of blp1 for tested adhesion-related phenotype of IC II strain, possibly through the contribution of other extracellular components. The significant differences in biofilm formation were observed comparing A. baumannii IC I strain AB5075 and IC II strain ACICU [27]. The cohesion of type IV pili in A. baumannii ACICU strain was suggested as a reason of bacterial aggregates, similar to those observed in the biofilm of AbIC II strain.

In contrast to biofilm formation and adhesive properties, our study showed the importance of both blp1 variants for the host colonization of respective strains and, in addition, the requirement of the cognate allele for the manifestation of this phenotype in IC I strain. Several studies have demonstrated the allele-dependent variations in virulent properties of bacterial pathogens [19, 28, 29]. Therefore, the Blp1 may possess yet unknown function required for host colonization, different from that mediating the adhesive properties, which appear to be redundant in IC II strain. The genomes of A. baumannii IC II strains were found to be more variable, frequently coding for new genes or genes with a higher sequence divergence, which increases a pan-genome ratio, compared to the genomes of IC I strains [15,16,17]. Given the fact, that IC II strains outspread the IC I strains in the hospital environment [30, 31], it is likely that the flexibility of genome, allowing to accumulate new variants and combination of genes, could be the source of the advantage demonstrated by A. baumannii IC II strains, rather than the evolvement of particular protein variants with increased virulent properties.

One of the most promising strategies against MDR A. baumannii infections is a development of vaccines [6, 32]. The capsular and surface polysaccharides were researched as potent immunization agents [33, 34], however, their high diversity among A. baumannii clinical strains [35] limits development of an universal vaccine. The inactivated whole A. baumannii cells and outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) also demonstrated the induction of immune-response using murine models [36,37,38]. Compared to the complex antigen mixtures, the pure proteins as vaccine antigens are more desirable due to the safety concerns [39]. Indeed, several A. baumannii outer membrane proteins have been used for vaccine research, mostly the abundant outer membrane proteins [40,41,42]. However, the limitation is that the vast majority of clinical A. baumannii strains possess a thick outer layer of polysaccharides (capsule), which efficiently protects pathogens from the host immunity [7, 8] by shielding antigens, present on the cell surface of the pathogen. Therefore, the surface-exposed proteins, penetrating the capsule layer, might show superiority as candidates for vaccine development [43].

The high molecular mass of A. baumannii Blp1 and adhesion-related phenotype observed for blp1 gene, suggest that Blp1 could penetrate the capsular polysaccharide layer. Blp1 C-terminus possesses a conservative fragment consisting of 160 amino acids, and represents a common antigen displayed by the most prevalent A. baumannii strains circulating in the clinical environment. Therefore, the features of Blp1, discussed above, constitute a favorable combination for its role as an immunogen. Differently from the other proposed A. baumannii antigens [40,41,42], this study characterizes a highly prevalent A. baumannii antigen, which, due to its high molecular mass, could possibly penetrate the bacterial capsule. This is a substantial advantage considering therapeutic applications, since A. baumannii uses capsular polysaccharides as its major virulence factor against host defence system [7, 8]. Importantly, for the evaluation of Blp1 immunostimulatory properties, we have used a common A. baumannii strains ST231 (IC I) and ST208 (IC II) and demonstrated, using both active and passive immunizations, that Blp1-specific antigen is a suitable vaccine candidate. The Blp1-antiserum induced an opsonophagocytic killing of IC I and IC II strains, indicating the stimulation of an immune response against clonally disseminated MDR A. baumannii. It is worth to mention, that since the immunisation trials were performed with limited number of mice, there is a need for further investigations using larger amount of samples in order to extend this study.

Conclusions

In this study we have investigated the A. baumannii surface-exposed protein Blp1 with an emphasis on its role in virulence, expressed by clinical A. baumannii strains and its suitability as a drug target. We have observed differences between IC strains, which should be taken into consideration, when the new drugs are investigated. Ideally, for the development of vaccine candidates, the most prevalent A. baumannii strains, currently circulating in the clinical environment should be used, since this opportunistic pathogen is well known for its genome variability.

Methods

Bacterial strains and growth conditions

Strains used in this study are listed in the Additional file 1: Table S1. AbIC I and AbIC II strains are representative strains corresponding to IC I and IC II, respectively. Strains were isolated from Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kauno Klinikos Hospital in 2010 and assigned to IC I and IC II by trilocus sequence-based typing (3LST) as described previously [20]. Clinical A. baumannii strains were cultured on Luria-Bertani (LB) agar plates at 37 °C. Liquid cultures were inoculated in LB media overnight.

PCR

One hundred twenty-two clinical A. baumannii strains belonging to either IC I (n = 72) or IC II (n = 50) clonal lineage were screened for the presence of blp1 alleles. Conventional PCR was undertaken using primers listed in Additional file 1: Table S1. Tm was calculated based on the primer sequences.

For blp1 gene transcription analysis, clinical A. baumannii strains were grown in LB medium for 16 h. Total RNA was extracted using GeneJET RNA Purification Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer recommendations. cDNA was synthesized using RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). qPCR was performed using primer pairs listed in Additional file 1: Table S1.

Generation of A. baumannii Δblp1 mutants and complemented strains

Markerless gene deletion was performed as previously described [44]. Briefly, upstream and downstream regions of A. baumannii blp1 gene were amplified using primers listed in Additional file 1: Table S1. The amplicons were joined with gentamicin resistance cassette aac3I by overlap PCR. The resulting DNA was cloned into pUC19_sacB plasmid yielding pUC19_sacB_UDblp1Gm plasmid (Additional file 1: Table S1). A. baumannii strains were transformed with the resulting plasmid by electroporation and colonies were selected on LB agar with gentamicin. Colonies were inoculated in LB medium for 4 h. Serial dilutions were plated on LB agar with 10% sucrose. For the complementation, the DNA comprising the blp1 gene with an upstream region including a putative promoter region was amplified using primers listed in Additional file 1: Table S1 and DNA from AbIC I and AbIC II strains as a template. The resulting DNA fragments were cloned into pUC19_gm_AcORI plasmid and selected in E. coli JM107 strain (Additional file 1: Table S1). The AbIC IΔblp1and AbICIIΔblp1strains were transformed with the resulting plasmids pblp1IC I and pblp1IC II, respectively, by electroporation and colonies were selected on LB agar with 30 μg/ml gentamicin. Generated mutants and recombinant constructs were confirmed by sequencing.

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM)

For evaluation of biofilms, 1000-fold dilutions of overnight A. baumannii cultures were used for seeding into LB media. Biofilms were grown for 2 and 24 h at 37 °C without agitation. After growth in micro-titer plates, biofilms were stained for 2 h by the Filmtracer TM LIVE/DEAD® Biofilm Viability Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The plate was then placed on the motorized stage of an inverted confocal microscope (TCS SP8 AOBS, Leica Microsystems) at the INRA-MIMA2 imaging platform as described by [45].

Cell culture assays

Mouse epithelial LL/2 (LLC1) and mouse macrophages J774 cell lines were grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (Gibco) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco) at 37 °C with 5% CO2. Adhesion experiments were performed as described by [8]. Bacterial adherence to the LL/2 cells was expressed as a percentage of the CFU of adhered bacteria compared to the total number of CFUs of the initial inoculum.

For the opsonophagocytic killing assay, mouse macrophages J774 were stimulated with 40 ng/ml E. coli LPS (Sigma-Aldrich) for 3 days. Macrophages (1 × 105 cells/well) and A. baumannii strains (1 × 104 CFU/well) were added into the wells along with the heat-treated mice serum (56 °C for 40 min for the inactivation of complement components) at the final dilution of 1:200. After 1 h incubation, the samples were serially diluted and seeded. Serum killing rates were counted by comparing the number of the reduced CFUs with those observed using naïve serum.

A cytotoxicity assay was performed by incubating LL/2 cells with recombinant Blp1 C-terminal fragment in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS at 37 °C for 24 h. Then, 20 μl of MTS (Promega) solution was added to the wells and cells were incubated for 4 h at 37 °C. After incubation, OD490 was determined. The proliferation rate was counted by comparing OD490 values for Blp1 C-terminus fragment-treated and non-treated cells.

C. elegans fertility assay

A. baumannii strains were investigated using C. elegans fertility model as described previously [8]. Overnight cultures of different A. baumannii strains were seeded on NGM medium. One L2 stage worm was placed over each A. baumannii strain and incubated at 21.5 °C. On the third day after infection worm progeny was determined by counting C. elegans worms.

Cloning and protein purification

The DNA of Blp1 C-terminal fragment spanning 2652–3362 amino acids of blp1 coding region was amplified using primer pair BldBamF/BlXhR (Additional file 1: Table S1). The resulting amplicon was cloned into pET-28b expression plasmid by fusing 6xHis tag sequence to the N-terminus of the recombinant protein. The resulting plasmid was sequenced and transformed into the expression host strain E. coli ArcticExpress (DE3) (Additional file 1: Table S1). Culture was grown in LB broth containing 40 μg/ml of kanamycin to OD600 of 0.5. Protein expression was induced by adding 0.5 mM of IPTG and incubating at 14 °C for 16 h. Cells were suspended in lysis buffer (20 mM NaH2PO4 pH 7.4, 500 mM NaCl, 20 mM imidazole) supplemented with protease inhibitor PMSF, disrupted by sonication and centrifuged 12,000 x g at 4 °C, for 30 min to remove insoluble material. Proteins were purified from soluble fraction by affinity chromatography, using 1 ml HisTrapHPTM nickel-Sepharose column (GE Healthcare). Proteins were eluted by a linear gradient using buffer 20 mM NaH2PO4 pH 7.4, 500 mM NaCl, 500 mM imidazole. The eluted fractions were desalted using Sephadex G–25 (GE Healthcare) column, exchanging to PBS buffer.

ELISA

Antigen-specific ELISA was performed to quantify the anti-Blp1 antibody response in sera from vaccinated mice as described before [46]. 96-well Maxisorp plates (Nalge Nunc) were coated with 0.2 μg Blp1 fragment/well by incubation at 4 °C in PBS overnight. The titer of specific IgG was established using horseradish peroxidase substrate (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and determining the absorbance at 450 nm.

Murine models

Eight to 12 weeks old female BALB/c mice were purchased from Institute of Biochemistry, Life Science Center (Vilnius University, Vilnius). The animals were maintained and used in accordance with the recommendations of the directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purpose. Study was performed under permission of Lithuanian State Food and Veterinary Service no. G2–72.

A sepsis model was established as described previously [37]. Briefly, A. baumannii cultures were prepared by mixing the bacterial suspension with 5% of porcine mucin (w/v; Sigma-Aldrich). BALB/c mice (n = 4 per group) were injected intraperitoneally with 0.5 ml of the sample. The CFUs of the corresponding the bacterial loads were determined by plating sequential dilutions on LB plates.

For the immunization experiments, groups of BALB/c mice (n = 5) were immunized intramuscularly with 2 μg of recombinant Blp1 protein fragment. Immunization mixture was prepared by mixing the antigen with an equal volume of complete Freund’s adjuvant on the day 0 and with incomplete Freund’s adjuvant on the days 14 and 28. Control group was inoculated with PBS combined with Freund’s adjuvant. On the day 32, blood samples were collected and tested against immunogen using ELISA as described above. Mice were challenged intraperitoneally on the day 42 with 1 × 108 CFU of AbIC I bacteria.

For the passive immunization, the 200 μL of antiserum was injected intraperitoneally into naïve mice (n = 3 per group). Control group received the serum obtained from mice, immunized with PBS and Freund’s adjuvant. After 6 h, 5 × 107 CFU of AbIC I bacteria were injected intraperitoneally.

After experiments mice were sacrificed using cervical dislocation.

Bioinformatic and statistical analysis

Bioinformatic analysis was undertaken using genomes obtained from NCBI database. Sequences alignments were made using TexShade tool. Statistical comparisons were performed using equal variance t-test.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

cDNA:

complementary DNA

CFU:

Colony-forming unit

CLSM:

Confocal laser scanning microscopy

DMEM:

Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium

DNA:

Deoxyribose nucleic acid

eDNA:

extracellular DNA

ELISA:

Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay

FBS:

Fetal bovine serum

IC:

International clone

IPTG:

Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside

LB:

Luria-Bertani

LPS:

Lipopolisacharide

MDR:

Multidrug resistance

MLST:

Multilocus sequence type

NGM:

Nematode growth medium

OMV:

Outer membrane vesicles

PBS:

Phosphate-Buffered Saline

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PI:

Propidium iodide

qPCR:

quantitative PCR

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

RTX:

Repeats-in-toxin

SDS-PAGE:

Sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio ave. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania

    Jūratė Skerniškytė, Emilija Karazijaitė, Renatas Krasauskas, Julija Armalytė & Edita Sužiedėlienė

  2. Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France

    Julien Deschamps & Romain Briandet

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Contributions

JS designed the experiments. JS, EK, JD, RK, JA, RB performed the experiments. JS and ES analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. All of the authors critically reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version.

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Correspondence to Jūratė Skerniškytė.

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The animals were maintained and used in accordance with the recommendations of the directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purpose. Study was performed under permission of Lithuanian State Food and Veterinary Service no. G2–72.

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Supplementary information

Additional file 1:

Table S1. Oligonucleotides, plasmids and strains used in this work.

Additional file 2:

Figure S1. blp1 gene expression in A. baumannii IC I and IC II strains.

Additional file 3:

Figure S2. CLSM analysis of biofilms formed by the A. baumannii strains after 2 and 24 h of incubation.

Additional file 4:

Figure S3. Expression and purification of the recombinant His-Blp12652–3362 C-terminal fragment.

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Skerniškytė, J., Karazijaitė, E., Deschamps, J. et al. Blp1 protein shows virulence-associated features and elicits protective immunity to Acinetobacter baumannii infection. BMC Microbiol 19, 259 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-019-1615-3

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BMC Microbiology

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