Fig. 1

Short-term drug effect on gut microbiome. A) Experimental design. C57BL/6 mice were treated with antibiotics for 6 days only from day 7 to 1, tacrolimus 2 days only, the combination of antibiotics from day 7 to 1 followed by tacrolimus on day 1 and 2, or untreated no drug control. B) Chao1 diversity index (within-community diversity) of the four experimental groups. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) to demonstrate de novo clustering of gut microbiome C) taxonomic groups and D) microbial functional pathways characterized using HUMAnN2 (v0.11.2) [41] and Uniref90 database [42] based on Bray-Curtis distance. E) Cumulative relative abundance of bacteria groups in families for the four experimental groups, using ward linkage clustering based on Euclidian distance. Abbreviations: Abx: antibiotics; Ctl: no treatment control; Tac: tacrolimus; Abx + Tac: antibiotics with tacrolimus treatment