Fig. 1

Difference in the gut bacteriome between GA patients and healthy controls. A, Rarefaction curve analysis of the number of observed species in two groups. The number of species in different groups is calculated based on a randomly selected specific number of samples with 30 replacements, and the median and quartile values are plotted. B, C, Boxplot shows the distributions of Shannon diversity index (B) and the Simpson index (C) of gut bacteriome for two groups. D, PCoA analysis of Bray–Curtis distance based on the composition of gut bacteriome, revealing the separations between two groups. The location of samples (represented by nodes) in the first two principal coordinates is shown. Lines connect samples in the same group, and circles cover samples near the center of gravity for each group. E, Composition of gut bacteriome at the species level. F, Boxplot shows the representative differential gut bacterial species when compared between patient and control groups. G, H, Boxplot shows the Simpson index (G) and Shannon diversity index (H) of gut functional composition that significantly differs between patients and controls. I, PCoA analysis of Bray–Curtis distance based on the gut functional composition, revealing the separations between two groups. For boxplots, boxes represent the interquartile range between the first and third quartiles and median (internal line); whiskers denote the lowest and highest values within 1.5 times the range of the first and third quartiles, respectively; and nodes represent outliers beyond the whiskers. The significance level is calculated based on the Student’s t-test