Fig. 5

Expression levels of network genes in adults with gut dysbacteriosis and control adults of S. frugiperda. (A) Heatmap showing the changes in the expression of the key genes and their functional pathways. (B-B”) qRT‒PCR analysis of the mRNA expression of genes involved in the immune pathways in the female and male head (B), brain (B’) and antenna (B”) between control and gut dysbacteriosis adults. The data are presented as the means ± SM (n = 3). The significance of the differences between the treatment and control was statistically analyzed by using Student’s t test at p < 0.05 (*), p < 0.01 (**), p < 0.001 (***), and p < 0.0001 (***)