Fig. 1

Effects of antibiotic treatment on adult gut microbiota components and diversity in S. frugiperda. (A-B) Relative abundance of gut microbiota at the phylum level (A) and genus level (B) in the guts of adults developed from larvae reared on a control diet without antibiotics and an antibiotic-containing diet. (C) Alpha diversity is displayed by the Chao1 index and Shannon index. The significance of the differences between the control and treatment was statistically analyzed by using the Kruskal‒Wallis test at p < 0.0001 (****), p < 0.001 (***), and p < 0.01 (**). (D) Beta diversity was displayed by principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) based on the weighted UniFrac method at the OTU level. C-female and C-male represent the control females and males, respectively. T-female and T-male represent the antibiotic-treated females and males, respectively. (E-F) Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) plot of taxonomic biomarkers identified in the adult gut microbiome of S. frugiperda females and males (LDA > 4, p < 0.05)