Fig. 3

Diversity and distribution of microbiomes in the subgroups of UC according to disease severity. A Alpha diversity measured by the Chao1 index. B Bray–Curtis-based Beta diversity. Relative abundance of the gut microbiome of the levels of UC activity groups at the phylum (C), genus (D) and species (E) levels. F The difference in microbial abundances between HC and UC (FDR <  = 0.05, |log2FC|> = 1). G Network modules produced by the microbiota. H The microbiota between HC and UC have been implicated in various human diseases (p <  = 0.05). I Comparison of the microbial composition between the mild and severe groups at the species level (p <  = 0.001, log2FC|> = 1). J Biomarkers of bacteria associated with the severity of UC. Box plots represent the median and interquartile range. The significances are represented as follows: ***p <  = 0.0001; ***p <  = 0.001; **p <  = 0.01; *p <  = 0.05; and ns, p > 0.05