Fig. 4

The non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plot (A) and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) model (B) demonstrate the group differences of the Bray–Curtis distance index between the survivor and deceased groups, which are presented in the form of table/box plots. Each row and column represents a sample, and the color of each square indicates the corresponding distance between samples; The hierarchical clustering heatmap of shared lung and gut microbiota at two different time points is presented(C); Differential abundance analysis of lung and gut genus levels by survival and deceased. Natural log transformed sampling-bias corrected observed abundances, as used in ANCOM-BC, were used here to generate the boxplots (D), ***p < 0.001