Fig. 3

Differences in oral microbiota between smokers and non-smokers and specific bacteria to distinguish smoking status. The result of comparison of bacterial abundance at the genus (A) and pathway (B) level in smokers and non-smokers from the MaAsLin2 analysis. Adjusted for sex, age, education level, personal annual income, body mass index, alcohol drinking, tea drinking and daily tooth brushing frequency. Results in FDR q ≤ 0.10 and absolute coefficient value greater than 0.05 were shown. * FDR q ≤ 0.10, ** FDR q ≤ 0.05, *** FDR q ≤ 0.01. (C) The relative abundances of the first five different taxa and pathways were visualized by the violin plots. The x-axis shows cigarette smoking status and y-axis shows the relative abundance. (D) ROC curves of oral microbiota in classifying cigarette smoking status