Fig. 3

16S full-length rRNA sequencing discovered that AP reversed gut dysbiosis in HFD KKAy mice (n = 5). A Shannon index analysis based on Bray–Curtis distance showed no significant differences were observed among CT, HFD, and AP groups at the OTU level. B Bray–Curtis PERMANOVA analysis showed a significant difference between the three groups (p = 0.001). C The number of OTUs found in the CT, HFD, and AP groups; the total number of OTUs. D The Venn diagram showed the extent of overlapped and specific OTUs among the three groups. E Bray–Curtis PCoA analysis displayed clear separation among the three groups at the OTU level. F Bray–Curtis PCoA analysis displayed clear separation among the three groups at the genus level. G The bar graph showed each group's top 10 relative abundance gut microbiota at the genus level. H The top 10 relative abundance gut microbiota at the phyla level in each group. Most of the dominant bacteria changed by HFD were reversed by AP treatment. I The ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes was higher in the HFD group than in the CT group and reversed by AP treatment. J Heatmap based on Bray–Curtis distance showed that the distance between AP and CT groups was relatively closer than the distance between HDF and CT groups. The color gradient on the adjacent bar chart, transitioning from blue to red, represents the magnitude of differences between the samples, with blue indicating minimal differences and red indicating maximal differences