Fig. 1

Differences between pathology or physiology groups in specific taxa and alpha diversity. (a). β-diversity between the mucosa and feces in HCs and CD groups indicated by constrained analysis of the principal coordinates on the Bray-Curtis distance. (b). Bar plots representing the relative taxa abundance of each sample at the phylum level. (c). Differences between pathology or physiology groups were calculated based on the relative abundance of taxa at the phylum level (Two-sided Welch’s test, p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significantly different, and only taxa showing differences greater than 0.1% were plotted in the figure). (d). Differences between pathology groups displayed by the Shannon alpha-diversity index. ^*, p-value ≤ 0.05; ^**, p-value ≤ 0.01; ^***, p-value ≤ 0.005; ^****, p-value ≤ 0.001; ns, p-value > 0.05, not significantly different. We defined pathology groups as samples from same category of body components but with different pathologic attributes (i.e., feces samples from CD patients (CD_F) or HCs participants (HC_F) and gut mucosal samples from inflamed area or uninflamed area, including HC_F vs. CD_F and Inf_M vs. Uinf_M); physiology groups from gut mucosa but from different region of anatomy (i.e., samples from the feces or gut mucosal samples (CD_M), including CD_F vs. CD_M, CD_F vs. Inf_M and CD_F vs. Uinf_M).