Gamma rays-assisted bacterial synthesis of bimetallic silver-selenium nanoparticles: powerful antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and photocatalytic activities

Table 3 Antibacterial activity of Ag NPs, Se NPs, and bimetallic Ag-Se NPs synthesized by bacterial filtrate and gamma-rays against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative human pathogenic bacterial strains

NPs concentration (µg mL^− 1)		Diameter of inhibition zone (mm)
NPs concentration (µg mL^− 1)		E. coli	S. aureus	P. aeruginosa	K. pneumoniae
Ag NPs	0.00 (C)	0.00^e	0.00^d	0.00^c	0.00^c
	62.5	0.00^d	0.00^d	0.00^c	0.00^c
	125	12.67 ± 1.53^d	0.00^d	0.00^c	0.00^c
	250	18.33 ± 1.15^c	16.33 ± 1.15^c	0.00^c	0.00^c
	500	25.33 ± 1.15^b	27.33 ± 1.15^b	21.33 ± 0.58^b	11.33 ± 0.58^b
	1000	30.67 ± 0.58^a	34.33 ± 0.58^a	30.00 ± 1.00^a	16.67 ± 1.15^a
Se NPs	0.00 (C)	0.00^e	0.00^d	0.00^d	0.00^d
	62.5	0.00^e	0.00^d	0.00^d	0.00^d
	125	12.67 ± 1.15^c	15.33 ± 1.15^c	0.00^d	0.00^d
	250	20.67 ± 1.15^c	21.67 ± 1.15^b	08.67 ± 0.58^c	11.67 ± 1.15^c
	500	33.33 ± 2.08^b	24.67 ± 0.58^b	12.67 ± 0.58^b	15.33 ± 1.15^b
	1000	38.67 ± 0.58^a	35.33 ± 1.15^a	19.00 ± 1.00^a	23.33 ± 1.52^a
Ag-Se NPs	0.00 (C)	0.00^e	0.00^f	0.00^e	0.00^e
	62.5	8.67 ± 0.58^d	7.33 ± 0.58^e	0.00^e	0.00^e
	100	12.67 ± 0.58^c	10.67 ± 0.58^d	8.67 ± 0.58^d	10.00 ± 1.00^d
	250	23.33 ± 1.53^b	14.67 ± 1.52^c	13.67 ± 1.00^c	13.67 ± 0.58^c
	500	32.67 ± 1.53^a	23.33 ± 2.51^b	18.33 ± 2.52^b	21.33 ± 2.08^b
	1000	34.67 ± 2.52^a	29.33 ± 1.52^a	28.33 ± 2.31^a	29.67 ± 1.53^a
Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid		9.67 ± 1.15	0.00	0.00	0.00

Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid was used at a concentration of 100 µg mL^− 1. Calculated mean is for triplicate measurements from three independent experiments ± SD, ^a−emeans with different superscripts in the same column for each nanoparticle are considered statistically different (LSD test, P ≤ 0.05)

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