Gamma rays-assisted bacterial synthesis of bimetallic silver-selenium nanoparticles: powerful antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and photocatalytic activities

Table 2 Antifungal activity of Ag NPs, Se NPs, and bimetallic Ag-Se NPs synthesized by bacterial filtrate and gamma-rays against different human and plant pathogenic fungi

NPs concentration (µg mL^− 1)		Diameter of inhibition zone (mm)
NPs concentration (µg mL^− 1)		C. albicans	A. brasiliensis	A. alternata	F. oxysporum
Ag NPs	0.00 (C)	0.00^e	0.00^c	0.00^c	0.00^c
	62.5	0.00^e	0.00^c	0.00^c	0.00^c
	125	14.33 ± 0.58^d	0.00^c	0.00^c	0.00^c
	250	22.00 ± 1.00^c	0.00^c	0.00^c	0.00^c
	500	27.33 ± 1.54^b	12.33 ± 1.53^b	14.33 ± 1.53^b	13.00 ± 1.00^b
	1000	32.67 ± 0.58^a	23.33 ± 0.58^a	20.67 ± 0.58^a	21.33 ± 0.58^a
Se NPs	0.00 (C)	0.00^d	0.00^d	0.00^d	0.00^d
	62.5	0.00^d	0.00^d	0.00^d	0.00^d
	125	14.33 ± 0.58^c	13.33 ± 0.58^c	0.00^d	0.00^d
	250	22.00 ± 1.00^b	21.67 ± 0.58^b	14.00 ± 1.00^c	14.67 ± 0.58^c
	500	28.33 ± 1.15^a	31.33 ± 0.58^a	22.00 ± 1.00^b	22.67 ± 2.08^b
	1000	32.67 ± 0.58^a	35.00 ± 1.00^a	25.67 ± 2.08^a	33.33 ± 2.08^a
Ag-Se NPs	0.00 (C)	0.00^f	0.00^e	0.00^d	0.00^d
	62.5	11.33 ± 0.58^e	0.00^e	0.00d	0.00^d
	100	17.00 ± 1.00^d	12.33 ± 1.53^d	0.00^d	0.00^d
	250	26.33 ± 1.52^c	17.67 ± 0.58^c	11.33 ± 1.53^c	12.33 ± 1.53^c
	500	34.00 ± 2.65^b	26.00 ± 1.00^b	22.33 ± 1.53^b	21.67 ± 0.58^b
	1000	42.67 ± 1.15^a	32.67 ± 0.58^a	30.67 ± 0.58^a	30.33 ± 2.08^a
Nystatin		11.33 ± 0.58	0.00	0.00	0.00

Nystatin was used at a concentration of 100 µg mL^− 1. Calculated mean is for triplicate measurements from three independent experiments ± SD, ^a−emeans with different superscripts in the same column for each nanoparticle are considered statistically different (LSD test, P ≤ 0.05)

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