Table 4 Virulence factors enriched in fungal EVs and their direct biological effects on the host

C. neoformans

GXM

Cytotoxic effect, immunosuppression

[7, 107,108,109,110, 112,113,114]

Melanin

Phagocytosis suppression

Glucosylceramide

Immune activation

Small RNA

RNAi machinery

C. albicans

Phosphatidylserine, Glucosylceramide

Immune activation

[35, 115]

Small RNA

RNAi machinery

NAC

Moonlighting proteins

Immune activation

[60]

P. braziliensis

α-Galactopyranosyl

Immune activation

[87]

T. marneffei

Heat shock proteins

Homeostasis regulation

[77]

Mannoprotein 1

Pathogenicity