Table 4 The inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria for the patients

Inclusion criteria

    (1) had completed bone mineral density examination and clinical data

    (2) naturally postmenopausal women

    (3) had no previous systemic diseases

Exclusion criteria

    (1) secondary osteoporosis

    (2) incomplete case data or patients and their families who were unable to complete the questionnaire

    (3) under the age of 50 years

    (4) use of antibiotics, probiotics, probiotics, or co-organisms within two months before collection of stool samples

    (5) patients suffering from severe malnutrition, infections, drug or alcohol abuse

    (6) patients with digestive system diseases

    (7) patients with complicated with serious systemic diseases, tumors, or other serious primary diseases

    (8) patients with previous lumbar and hip surgery history