Fig. 5

Comparison of the effect of pirimiphos-methyl residues on the microbiomes of Acarus siro cultures using heatmaps of standardized bacterial relative abundance. The lengths of triangles on the left side of the heatmap indicate the variability inside the samples from the same residues. A similar level of variability and microbiome similarity is seen in the OTU clusters at the top (uncondensed intro triangles). Both clusters (samples and OTUs) were constructed using the UPGMA method in Bray–Curtis distance. The red color in OTUs indicates high variability explained in SIMPER analyses, and the “*” indicates significant differences between control and 1.25 µg·g⁻¹ pirimiphos-methyl concentration based on METASTATS (e.g., * P ≥ 0.01 and P < 0.05; ** P ≥ 0.001 and P < 0.01; *** P ≤ 0.001)