Fig. 3

Alpha diversity and Beta diversity of IC, nIC and CG compared. Alpha diversity is based on A Shannon index shown in violin plot. Only nIC groups presented lower evenness of microbiota than CG (p < 0.0001). B Ace index is shown in violin plot. Only nIC groups presented lower richness of microbiota than CG (p = 0.0068). Beta diversity was used to evaluate the similarity between groups and its measurements were as follows: C PCoA with weighted UniFrac was measured using Adonis analysis, reflecting the abundance of OPM microbiota in both IC and nIC groups to be profoundly different compared to CG. (Adonis in IC-CG: R2 = 0.183; p = 0.032; in nIC-CG: R2 = 0.1625; p = 0.001) D NMDS was measured through Anosim analysis reflecting the abundance of OPM microbiota in nIC group to be profoundly different compared to CG (Anosim: R2 = 0.1481; p = 0.001). E Taxa were enriched in IC group (Red), nIC group (green) and CG (Blue) groups, indicated with LDA scores (LDA = 3), respectively. F A cladogram represents the OPM microbiota in IC, nIC and CG. Taxa enriched in IC (Red) and CG (Blue). The brightness of each dot was proportional to its effect size