Fig. 1

Pre-term and term infants harbor distinct gut microbiota. Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) of term (n = 5) and pre-term (n = 10) microbial communities at (a) the ASV level (PERMANOVA P = 0.003) and (b) Family level (PERMANOVA P = 0.02). c Shannon (n = 15, Wilcoxon P = 0.008) and (d) Simpson communities (n = 15, Wilcoxon p = 0.008) diversity indices of term and pre-term communities. e Significantly enriched bacterial taxa in term and pre-term communities determined by Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size (LEfSe). Each bar represents a different ASV and only ASVs with P-value < 0.01 and LDA threshold value > 3.5 are shown. Microbiota composition in newborn and infant samples at the (f) class level and (g) family level