Table 4 Association of culture positivity and clinical characteristics with bacterial meningitis, at Hawassa University, Hospital
Clinical characteristics | Total N(%) | Culture negative N(%) | Culture Positive N(%) | Odds ratio(95%CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male | 210 (53.3) | 194 (92.4) | 16 (7.6) | 1.37 (1.3–7.02) | 0.049 |
Female | 184 (46.7) | 173 (94.1) | 11 (5.9) | Â | 0.074 | |
Age | <  5 yr | 71 (18.0) | 60 (84.5) | 11 (15.5) | – | – |
5- < 14 yr | 162 (41.1) | 155 (95.6) | 7 (4.4) |  |  | |
14–50 | 141 (35.7) | 133 (94.0) | 8 (6.0) |  |  | |
> 50 years | 20 (5.2) | 19 (95.0) | 1 (5.0) |  |  | |
Fever | Yes | 330 (83.8) | 306 (92.7) | 24 (7.3) | 1.2 (1.35–4.0) | 0.784 |
No | 64 (16.2) | 61 (95.3) | 3 (4.7) | Â | Â | |
Head ache | Yes | 205 (52.1) | 187 (91.2) | 18 (9.8) | 0.71 | 0.469 |
No | 189 (47.9) | 180 (95.0) | 9 (5.0) | Â | Â | |
Neck Stiffness | Yes | 179 (45.4) | 157 (87.7) | 22 (14.0) | 1.18 (1.06–6.53) | 0.001 |
No | 215 (54.6) | 210 (97.7) | 5 (2.3) | Â | Â | |
Hx of seizure | Yes | 30 (7.6) | 13 (43.4) | 17 (56.6) | 1.39 (1.15–5.99) | 0.043 |
No | 364 (92.4) | 354 (97.3) | 10 (3.3) | Â | Â | |
Duration of illness before presentation | <  3 days | 84 (21.3) | 76 (90.5) | 8 (10.5) | – | 0.137 |
3-7 days | 175 (44.4) | 161 (92) | 14 (8.0) |  |  | |
> 7 days | 135 (34.3) | 130 (96.2) | 5 (3.8) |  |  | |
Temp.Grade | High | 74 (18.8) | 70 (94.3) | 4 (5.7) | – | 0.543 |
Low | 115 (29.2) | 101 (87.8) | 14 (13.8) | Â | Â | |
Normal | 205 (52) | 196 (95.6) | 9 (4.4) | Â | Â | |
Nuchal rigidity | Yes | 172 (43.6) | 151 (87.8) | 21 (13.2) | 1.26 (1.06–4.48) | 0.001* |
No | 222 (56.3) | 216 (97.3) | 6 (2.7) | Â | Â | |
Brudniski’s Sign | Yes | 88 (22.3) | 72 (81.8) | 16 (22.2) | 2.19 (2.07–5.51) | 0.001 |
No | 306 (77.6) | 295 (96.4) | 11 (3.6) | Â | Â | |
Kernig’s sign | Yes | 67 (17.0) | 54 (80.6) | 13 (19.4) | 1.15 (1.09–2.73) | 0.008 |
No | 327 (82.9) | 313 (95.7) | 14 (4.3) | Â | Â | |
Glasgow coma scale | Normal | 259 (65.7) | 242 (93.0) | 17 (7.0) | – | 0.523 |
Impairedconsciousn | Â | 128 (32.5) | 119 (93.0) | 9 (7.0) | Â | Â |
Coma | Â | 7 (1.8) | 6 (85.7) | 1 (15.3) | Â | Â |
Prehospitalantibiotic | Yes | 202 (51.3) | 194 (96.0) | 8 (4.0) | 0.54 (0.211.39) | 0.198 |
No | 192 (48.7) | 173 (90.0) | 19 (10) | Â | Â | |
Inhospital preLP abc | Yes | 252 (64.0) | 246 (97.6) | 6 (2.4) | 1.16 (1.14–2.95) | 0.015 |
No | 142 (36) | 121 (85.2) | 21 (14.8) | Â | Â | |
CSF appearance | Clear | 324 (82.2) | 321 (99.1) | 3 (0.9) | Â | 0.000 |
Turbid | 47 (11.9) | 23 (95.8) | 24 (4.2) | Â | Â | |
Bloody | 23 (5.9) | 23 (100) | – |  |  | |
CSF cell level | < 10 | 259 (65.7) | 257 (99.2) | 2 (0.8) | – | 0.001* |
10–100 | 64 (16.3) | 53 (82.8) | 11 (17.2) |  |  | |
> 100 | 71 (17.9) | 57 (80.0) | 14 (20) |  |  | |
CSF pro category | < 46 | 273 (69.2) | 270 (98.8) | 3 (1.2) |  | 0.001* |
46–100 | 71 (18.0) | 56 (78.9) | 15 (21.1) |  |  | |
> 100 | 50 (12.8) | 41 (82.0) | 9 (18) |  |  | |
CSF glucose level | < 40 | 125 (31.7) | 104 (83.2) | 21 (16.8) | 1.29 (1.11–3.77) | 0.010 |
> 40 | 269 (68.3) | 263 (97.7) | 6 (2.3) |  |  | |