Table 1 Sample collection information

location

abbreviate

altitude

climate

annual mean rainfall

annual average temperature

mean temperature in January

sample number

vegetation

groups

BaiYu

BY

4091 m

alpine subarctic climate

600 mm

6.3 °C

−4.4 °C

10

coniferous forest and alpine meadows

High-altitude groups (n = 40)

JiangDa

JD

3246 m

alpine subarctic climate

550 mm

4.5 °C

−5 °C

10

coniferous forest and alpine meadows

GongBuJiangDa

GB

3200 m

alpine subarctic climate

640 mm

8.3 °C

−0.4 °C

10

coniferous forest and alpine meadows

YuShu

YS

4080 m

alpine subarctic climate

480 mm

5.9 °C

−4.5 °C

10

coniferous forest and alpine meadows

LingShui

LS

100 m

tropical monsoon climate

1700 mm

25.2 °C

17.7 °C

10

a deserted plantation with mango and coconut

Low-altitude groups (n = 35)

LongHuShan

LHS

150 m

subtropical humid monsoon

1300 mm

21.8 °C

13.2 °C

15

subtropical evergreen forest

BaiDiCheng

BDC

150 m

subtropical humid monsoon

1100 mm

16.4 °C

8.6 °C

10

subtropical evergreen forest