Fig. 3

Beta diversity and Network analysis. a Box diagram of Beta diversity. The box plot shows the median of sample similarity within the group. Beta diversity indice is significantly lower in the (normal) N group patients compared with in the (breast cancer) BC group patients (P < 0.05). b PCoA analysis. The abscissa represents a principal component, the ordinate represents another principal component, and the percentage represents the contribution of the principal component to the sample difference. Each point in the figure represents a sample, and samples of the same group are represented by the same color. c PCA analysis. The abscissa represents the first principal component and the percentage represents the contribution of the first principal component to the sample difference. The ordinate represents the second principal component and the percentage represents the contribution of the second principal component to the sample difference. Each point in the figure represents a sample, and samples of the same group are represented by the same color. In a PCA graph with clustering circles, clustering circles are added with grouping information. d Non-Metric Multi-Dimensional Scaling analysis. Each point represents a sample, and the distance between the points indicates the degree of difference, and the samples of the same group are represented by the same color. When Stress is less than 0.2, NMDS can accurately reflect the degree of difference between samples. D UPGMA clustering tree. e Anosim analysis, permutational MANOVA analysis, t-test analysis and LEfSe