Fig. 4

Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses of HR markers, defense markers, and PGE markers. qRT-PCR analysis of the transcript levels of the HR-related genes Hin1 and Hsr203J, the defense-related gene NPR1, and the PGE-related gene NtEXP6 was performed on RNA isolated from leaves harvested at 1, 3, and 6 h post treatment (hpt) and subjected to different treatments. A PBS treatment was used as a control. 28 °C, 100 °C, 150 °C, and 200 °C indicate HpaXpm, HpaXpm heated at 100 °C, HpaXpm heated at 150 °C, and HpaXpm heated at 200 °C, respectively. The qRT-PCR data were reported and calculated based on the normalization gene EF-1a using the 2^-ΔΔCT method. Expression levels of HR markers, defense markers, and PGE markers in response to HpaXpm treatment relative to expression levels induced by PBS (control) treatment. Quantitative data are given as mean values ± SEM. Asterisks indicate treatments that induced a significant difference (^*P < 0.05; ^**P < 0.01) relative to that of the PBS-treated controls; n = 9 leaves from 3 independent experiments each involving 3 leaves