Fig. 5

Time course of ‘Ca. Berkiella cookevillensis’ infection in HeLa cells. HeLa cells were infected with ‘Ca. B. cookevillensis’ for 1 h at an MOI of 200, and then incubated for the designated amount of time. Following the 1 h incubation (time 0), bacterial and mammalian DNA was stained with DAPI. Imaging was performed with laser scanning confocal microscopy. After only 1 h of incubation, distinct bacteria can be found in the cytoplasm. By 3 h p.i., bacteria are still within the cytoplasm, but by 6–12 h, bacteria are more perinuclear. At 24 h, larger numbers of bacteria are present within cytoplasmic vacuoles and nuclear-associated vacuoles. Bars, 5 μm