Fig. 1

a Screening of antimicrobial activity of actinobacteria; b the antimicrobial activities of the selected 24 actinobacterial isolates against MTCC test pathogens and c antimicrobial activity against MRSA and antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates. a The figure shows representative antimicrobial actinobacterial isolates. Screening was done by spot inoculation. b, c Antimicrobial activities were determined by disc diffusion assay. The graph represents the activity of ethyl acetate extract of cell-free culture supernatant. The diameter of inhibition zone was determined after loading pathogen-seeded MHA plates with ethyl acetate extract impregnated (10 μg) filter paper discs followed by 24 h incubation at 37°C for bacteria and 28°C for C. albicans. Each bar represents arithmetic mean of three independent replicates and the error bar indicates the standard error of the mean. In x-axis, single asterisk (*) after the isolate number represents the detected presence of PKSII antimicrobial biosynthetic gene, while double asterisks (**) indicates the detected presence of both PKSII and NRPS antimicrobial biosynthetic genes. EC: Escherichia coli MTCC 40, SA: Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 96, CA: Candida albicans MTCC 227, MRSA: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, CL1: Clinical isolate Staphylococcus saprophyticus CL1, Clinical isolate Bacillus pumillus CL2