DNA repair genes RAD52 and SRS2, a cell wall synthesis regulator gene SMI1, and the membrane sterol synthesis scaffold gene ERG28 are important in efficient Agrobacterium-mediated yeast transformation with chromosomal T-DNA

Table 1 Yeast mutant strains exhibiting low AMT efficiency

Yeast strain (genotype)	AMT efficiency^a	AMT efficiency of complemented strain^b	TKC efficiency^c	Growth of yeast cells (fold)^d		Growth ratio
	% of wild type ± SD	% of wild type ± SD	% of wild type ± SD	(A) with donor cells	(B) w/o donor cells	(A/B)
wild type	(100)	(100)	(100)	3.5 ± 1.7	11.8 ± 4.1	0.30
srs2Δ	5.6 ± 2.8**	103.2 ± 21.7	102.2 ± 22.2	5.3 ± 2.2	15.3 ± 6.9	0.34
rad52Δ	4.8 ± 1.9**	187.9 ± 41.1*	52.5 ± 27.2*	4.7 ± 0.2	6.1 ± 0.6	0.77
smi1Δ	5.0 ± 2.4**	87.8 ± 5.1*	49.8 ± 27.2*	4.8 ± 2.2	10.0 ± 3.8	0.48
erg28Δ	24.5 ± 9.5**	123.3 ± 70.4	25.1 ± 18.6**	8.4 ± 1.5	8.2 ± 1.3	1.02

^a Yeast strains were cocultivated with Agrobacterium strain EHA105 (pBY1). The AMT efficiency of the wild type yeast strain was (1.9 ± 0.1) × 10^-3
^b Each mutant strain was introduced a corresponding wild type gene cloned in centromeric vector pRS313 (see Table 4). The AMT efficiency of the wild type strain harboring the pRS313 vector was (4.1 ± 1.7) × 10^-3
^c Yeast strains were cocultivated with E. coli strain HB101 (pRH210, pAY205) for trans-kingdom conjugation ( TKC). The TKC efficiency of the wild type yeast strain was (1.2 ± 0.3) × 10^-3
^d Fold increase of recipient cell number after co-cultivation (A) with or (B) without donor cells. Each value is the average of three experiments. SD = standard deviations
Differences were statistically significant compared to the wild type strain by Student’s t-test. *p <0.05, **p <0.01

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