Broad-spectrum antiviral activity of chebulagic acid and punicalagin against viruses that use glycosaminoglycans for entry

Table 3 Window of antiviral effects from CHLA and PUG against different viruses

Virus	Treatments	Window of antiviral effects^a
		Free particle	Attachment		Penetration	Post-infection	Cell-to-cell spread
		Free particle	Method 1	Method 2^b	Penetration	Post-infection	Cell-to-cell spread
HCMV	CHLA	+++	++	+++	++	+++	+++
	PUG	+++	++	++	++	+++	+++
	Heparin	+	++	+++	+	-	-
HCV	CHLA	+++	+++	+++	+++	+++	+++
	PUG	+++	+++	+++	+++	+++	+++
	Heparin	++	+	+++	-	+	-
DENV-2	CHLA	+++	+++	+++	+++	-	-
	PUG	+++	+++	+++	+++	-	-
	Heparin	++	+++	+++	++	-	-
MV	CHLA	++	++	++	++	+++	+++
	PUG	++	+++	++	+++	+++	+++
	Heparin	++	+++	++	+	-	-
RSV	CHLA	+++	+++	+++	++	-	-
	PUG	+++	+++	+++	+++	-	-
	Heparin	+	+++	++	++	-	-

^a Inhibitory effect (%) relative to DMSO control: +++ > 75%; ++ 50–75%; + 25–50%; - < 25%. Heparin was included for comparison.
^b Results from the highest inhibitory concentration of the compounds were used.

ISSN: 1471-2180