Figure 4From: Phospholipase D promotes Arcanobacterium haemolyticum adhesion via lipid raft remodeling and host cell death following bacterial invasionPLD expressed inside HeLa cells is cytotoxic. HeLa cells were inoculated with A. haemolyticum strains and the bacteria were allowed to adhere for 2 h and invade for 5 h prior to determination of host cell viability. Viability is shown as a percentage of that of diluent-treated cells, which was set to 100%. Error bars indicate one standard deviation from the mean calculated from the averages of at least three independent experiments conducted in triplicate.Back to article page