Figure 4

Effect of antioxidants and eicosanoid inhibitors on survival of third-instar gypsy moth larvae following ingestion of B. thuringiensis toxin (Bt; MVPII 10 μg). Various concentrations of three COX inhibitors (acetylsalicylic acid, indomethacin, and piroxicam) and the antioxidant glutathione were fed to larvae in combination with 10 μg of the MVPII formulation of B. thuringiensis toxin. Larvae were reared with enteric bacteria (no antibiotics) and all treatments were provided on artificial diet without antibiotics; gray shading indicates days on which larvae received treatments. Three independent cohorts of larvae (n = 12-16 each) were assayed. No mortality was observed when larvae were fed the compounds alone (Additional file 4). The effect of the compounds was assessed by comparing survival to B. thuringiensis toxin alone using the log-rank anlaysis of PROC LIFETEST (SAS 9.1, Additional file 4). Treatments with a survival distribution function statistically different from B. thuringiensis toxin alone (p < 0.05) are indicated by *.