Fig. 5

(A)Wilcoxon rank-sum test bar plot on genus level between the PN and HC groups. Each bar represents a genus, and the height of the bar indicates the magnitude of the difference in abundance between the PN and HC groups. (B) Cladogram plot of LEfSe analysis indicating the enriched taxa of saliva microbiome in PN and HC groups. The central point represents the root of the tree (Bacteria), and each ring represents the next lower taxonomic level (phylum to genus: p, phylum; c, class; o, order; f, family; g, genus). The diameter of each circle represents the relative abundance of the taxon. (C) Histogram of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores (> 3) for differentially abundant genera between two groups. Each bar represents a genus, and the height of the bar indicates the strength of its discriminatory power. The cutoff of LDA score > 3 indicates significant differential abundance between the two groups. (D) The volcano plot of the comparison of differences in abundance of common genera by analysis of the composition of microbiomes (ANCOM) analysis. Each scatter in the diagram represents a compared genera. Each scatter on the plot represents a compared genus, with the ordinate representing the W value and the abscissa representing the CLR (Center Log Transform). The CLR represents the degree of difference in sample abundance between groups, with larger absolute values indicating greater relative abundance differences. (E) The association between PN and HC groups with oral microbiome features as determined by MaAsLin2 (adjusted for age, gender, smoking history and personal history of cancer; PN was set as reference group) (P < 0.05). Each bar represents a specific bacterial taxon, and the height of the bar represents the magnitude of enrichment or depletion in either the PN or HC group. * 0.01 < P-value ≤ 0.05, ** 0.001 < P-value/≤ 0.01, *** P-value ≤ 0.001