Fig. 6

Extreme temperature microbiota affected insulin sensitivity and carbohydrate-active enzymes. (a) Principal component analysis of the composition of intestinal microbiota based on metagenomic sequencing of cecal content samples at RT, Cold and Heat mice. n = 3–4. (b) Principal coordinates analysis of microbial functions associated with insulin pathway based on metagenomic sequencing of cecal content samples. n = 3–4. (c) Relative mRNA expression of host insulin pathway in the proximal cecum of RT, Cold and Heat mice quantified by real-time qPCR in glycometabolism (Slc2a2, Slc5a1, Sgk1) and lipid metabolism (Ppara, Cidea, Ucp1). (d-e) Concentrations of hepatic glycogen (d) and plasma triglyceride (e) of RT, Cold and Heat mice. n = 6. (f) Principal coordinates analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes based on metagenomic sequencing of cecal content samples. n = 3–4. (g) Statistical chart of carbohydrate-active enzymes classification in RT, Cold and Heat mice. All values show mean ± SEM. Significance was calculated using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001