Fig. 2

Intestinal microbiota are required for temperature maintenance. (a) The rectal temperature of mice treated with food fasting after 4 and 8 h of RT, Cold and Heat groups. n = 8. (b) Changes in rectal temperature compared to initial as in (a). (c) Changes in the rectal temperature of mice treated with antibiotics (Abx) after 4 and 8 h of RT, Cold and Heat groups. n = 6. (d) Changes in the rectal temperature of mice treated with Abx and food fasting after 4 and 8 h of RT, Cold and Heat groups. n = 6. (e) Changes in body weight of mice (compared to initial body weight) treated with Abx at RT, Cold and Heat. n = 5–6. (f) Food intake by mice treated with Abx at RT, Cold and Heat. n = 5–6. (g-h) H&E staining on paraffin sections from intSAT (g) and ingSAT (h) of RT + Abx, Cold + Abx and Heat + Abx mice. Cell size profiling of adipocytes from intSAT (g) and ingSAT (h) of mice treated with antibiotics after 60 days of RT + Abx, Cold + Abx and Heat + Abx mice. The values show % from the total number of analyzed cells. Scale bars: 50 μm. Significance was calculated using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001