Fig. 4

Human-derived bacteria modulated gut microbiota associated with colitis phenotype and colonic inflammation. (a) Shannon and Simpson diversity index. (b) Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plot based on Brey Curtis distance of ASV abundance (left) and clustering of gut microbiota based on mahalanobis distances between different groups calculated with multivariate analysis of variance test (right). (c) Heatmap of 269 ASV abundances in mice according to LEfSe analysis. Blue represented ASVs highest in the healthy control, black represented ASVs highest in the mice with colitis, and green represented ASVs highest in the mice with bacterial treatment. (d) The relative abundance of the 12 genus/species changed by the isolated bacteria. In the plot, each dot represented each mouse. The line marked the median. Differences were assessed by Mann-Whitney test. (e) Spearman rank correlation heatmap of parameters concerning overall severity of colitis, inflammatory cytokines and PCoA coordinates/ 12 significantly different taxa in colonic content samples. Colors red and blue denoted positive and negative association, respectively. The intensity of the colors represented the degree of associations assessed by the Spearmen’s correlations. The black dots in the blue/red cells indicated the associations were significant (p < 0.05). ^&P < 0.1, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. DSS + PBS group by ANOVA followed by LSD post hoc test. n = 3–5 mice per group for the 16S rRNA gene sequencing of colonic content bacteria. LR: Lactobacillus rhamnosus, LP: Lactobacillus plantarum, PA: Pediococcus acidilactici, EF: Enterococcus faecium, EC: Escherichia coli