Table 1 Characteristics of sampling sites
Sites | Geographic coordinates | Atrazine historya | Plants/Crop rotation | Sowing datesa | Atrazine treatment datea | Atrazine (active ingredient) ratea, b, g ha−1 | Atrazine residues, μg kg−1 | Sampling date | Plant growth stage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | N: 36.66361 E: 117.26151 | No treatments for ≥ 20 years | Miscellaneous wild herbs | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0.21 ± 0.03 | April 08, 2013 | dormancy |
D3 | N: 37.12418 E: 119.07188 | 7 years, industrial contamination | Plantless soil | n/a | n/a | n/a | 2091.3 ± 60.0 | May 29, 2013 | n/a |
D5 | N: 37.12544 E: 119.07162 | 7 years, industrial contamination | Cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica (Linn.) Beauv.) | n/a | n/a | n/a | NAc | May 29, 2013 | 3–5 leaves |
D6 | N: 37.12539 E: 119.07087 | 7 years, industrial contamination | Common reed (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.) | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1.05 ± 0.13 | May 29, 2013 | 2–3 leaves |
TD(a) | N: 35.96921 E: 117.06004 | ≥20 years | Maize/ annual rotation with winter wheat | June 05–10 | June 25–30 | 780 | 0.43 ± 0.06 | July 22, 2013 | 9 leaves |
TD(b) | N: 35.96980 E: 117.05999 | ≥20 years | Maize/ annual rotation with winter wheat | June 01–05 | June 20–25 | 780 | TAc | July 22, 2013 | 11 leaves |
DnW | N: 35.07492 E: 115.64059 | ≥5 years | Maize/ annual rotation with winter wheat | June 01–05 | June 20–25 | 450 | 0.65 ± 0.08 | July 22, 2013 | 10 leaves |
DnL | N: 35.09441 E: 115.66002 | ≥5 years | Maize/ annual rotation with winter wheat | June 01–05 | June 20–35 | 450 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | July 23, 2013 | 11 leaves |
GD | N: 36.85381 E: 116.37587 | ≥10 years | Maize/ annual rotation with winter wheat | June 18 | July 04–05 | 950 | TA | August 14, 2013 | pollen shed beginning |
WS | N: 37.23022 E: 116.11851 | ≥15 years | Maize/ annual rotation with winter wheat | June 18 | June 20 | 540 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | August 14, 2013 | pollen shed beginning |