Table 6 Predicted immunomodulatory activities

 Immune response-inducing genes

MALT1

Inhibition of MALT1 stopped c-Rel activation and Th-17 immunity to Candida species

C. albicans

[33]

SERPINE1

SERPINE1 Inhibits plasmin formation. Plasmin bound C. albicans showed increased invasiveness.

C. albicans

[35]

ICAM1

Inhibition of ICAM-1 stopped adherence of C. albicans to human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs) and resulted in a decreased activation of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8

C. albicans

[38]

IL8

see ICAM1

[38]

IL1A

IL-1 α from C. albicans infected oral epithelial cells up-regulated secretion IL-8 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)

C. albicans

[41]

FYN

FYN knockout mice were shown to have increased Th2 type immune response

[54]

STAT1

Defects in STAT1 result in defective Th17-type and Th1-type responses

[63, 64]

CCL2

Neutralizing CCL2 resulted in increased mortality and pathogen burden in the lungs of mice with invasive aspergillosis

A. fumigatus

[46]

MAP3K8

MAP3K8 deficient mice exhibited low-level of TNF- α and ERK production

[60]

MAP3K14

MAP3K14 Activated MAPKs

[61]

NFKB1

Component of NF- κB

RELA

Component of NF- κB

EREG

EREG is important in the proliferation and differentiation of macrophages. It was up-regulated when alveolar macrophages were challenged with conidia of A. fumigatus

A. fumigatus

[58]

IL12A

Central for the induction of TH1-type cytokines

[63, 64]

TRIB3

TRIB3 senses the presence of cellular nutrient in PI3K/AKT signaling

[62]

CLCF1

Activates the Jak-STAT signaling cascade?

LYN

Inhibiting the ICAM-1-binding activity?

 Immune response-repressing genes

PLAUR

PLAUR promotes plasmin formation. Plasmin bound C. albicans showed increased invasiveness.

C. albicans

[35]

DUSP8

DUSP8 inhibits MAPK/ERK. Inactivation of MAPK/ERK correlated with a decrease in the activation of innate immunity against A. fumigatus in a mice model

A. fumigatus

[43]

DUSP6

DUSP6 inhibits MAPK/ERK (see DUSP8)

SPRED2

SPRED2 inhibits MAPK/ERK (see DUSP8)

NFKBIA

Inhibits NF- κB. Inhibition of NF- κ decreased neutrophil phagocytosis and microbicide capacity

C. albicans

[50]

TNIP1

Inhibits NF- κB

[49]

PMP22

Up-regulation of Hedgehog pathway increased cellular permissiveness for hepatitis C virus replication

[52]

THBD

Up-regulation of Hedgehog pathway increased cellular permissiveness for hepatitis C virus replication

[52]