Fig. 8

The abundance of fungal and bacterial microbiota on human scalp after using heat-killed GMNL-653-containing shampoo. Microbiota samples of each participant were collected from the whole scalp by wet cotton swabs with 0.1% Triton X /PBS buffer at the beginning (Start), after using control shampoo for 1 month (Ctrl), and followed using GMNL-653 shampoo for 1 months (GMNL-653). The liquid samples in cotton swabs were centrifuged to collect the pellets followed by extracting DNA for microbiota analysis. The accumulation of L. paracasei (A) and the abundance of C. acnes (B), S.epidermidis (C), M. globosa (D), and M. restricta (E) in Start, Ctrl, and GMNL-653 groups were quantified by qPCR method. The relative quantified data of L. paracasei, C. acnes, and S. epidermidis were normalized with total bacteria value (A-C) and M. globosa and M. restricta were normalized with total Malassezia value (D-E). * p < 0.05, and ** p < 0.01 compared with Start group. # p < 0.05 compared with the Ctrl group