Fig. 1
Heat-killed GMNL-653 causes co-aggregation with M. furfur and inhibits its adhesion to Hs86 cells. A, B Heat-killed GMNL-653 (2 × 109 cells/ml), live M. furfur (2 × 109 cfu/ml), or mixtures of heat-killed GMNL-653 and live M. furfur with the ratio of 1:1 were added into tubes and stand at room temperature for 40 min to observe the formation of precipitates (A). Liquids of the suspended area from the tubes of M. furfur alone, GMNL-653 alone, and M. furfur-GMNL mixture were collected after mixing for 0, 20, and 40 min. The liquid was detected by the absorbance at a wavelength of 590 nm (B). The aggregation ability was quantified by the formula described in the Materials and Methods section. C The aggregation of GMNL-653 and M. furfur from (A) was visualized by SEM. D M. furfur were seeded into wells of a 96-well-plate with or without adding 25, 50 µg/ml GMNL-653 derived LTA for 24 h. The biofilm was visualized after staining with 0.1% crystal violet, dissolved with DMSO, and quantified by the absorbance at a wavelength of 590 nm. *, p < 0.05