Table 1 Clinical and socio-demographic parameters of study participants and infants stratified by HIV status. Data are expressed as n (%) or median (interquartile range, IQR)
Variables | HIV status; N = 94 | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Maternal HIV status | Positive: N = 35 | Negative: N = 59 | |
Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | ||
Sociodemographic descriptors | |||
 Maternal age (years) | 32.0 (28.0–34.5) | 24.0 (21.0–29.0) | <0.0001 |
 Gestational age (weeks) at enrolment | 34.3 (32.7–36.7) | 35.5 (32.5–37.3) | 0.718 |
 Number gravida | 3.0 (3.0–4.0) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | <0.0001 |
 Religion | |||
  Apostolic | 12 (36%) | 27 (79%) | 0.263 |
  Non-apostolic | 21 (64%) | 25 (21%) | |
3 missing | 9 missing | ||
 Marital status | |||
  Not married | 2 (6%) | 1 (2%) | 0.553 |
  Married | 34 (94%) | 60 (98%) | |
 Alcohol use in pregnancy | |||
  Yes | 2 (6%) | 6 (10%) | 0.706 |
  No | 34 (94%) | 55 (90%) | |
 Meals normally eaten per day | 3.0 (2.0–3.0) | 3.0 (3.0–3) | 0.349 |
 Meals eaten during pregnancy | 3.0 (3.0–5.0) | 3.0 (2.0–4.5) | 0.383 |
 Fewer meals per days because family can’t afford | |||
  Yes | 5 (14%) | 11 (19%) | 0.778 |
  Never | 30 (86%) | 48 (81%) | |
 Money spent on food monthly (US Dollars) | 150 (100–200) | 100 (70–150) | 0.025 |
 Food security | |||
  Yes | 26 (74%) | 47 (80%) | 0.612 |
  No | 9 (36%) | 12 (20%) | |
Coinfections and sexually transmitted diseases | |||
 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgM | |||
  Positive | 2 (6%) | 7 (11%) | 0.156 |
  Negative | 32 (94%) | 54 (89%) | |
1 missing | Â | ||
 Syphilis antibodies | |||
  Positive | 2 (6%) | 2 (3%) | 0.415 |
  Negative | 33 (94%) | 59 (97%) | |
1 missing | Â | ||
 Hepatiris B virus antigen | |||
  Positive | 1 (3%) | 1 (2%) | 1 |
  Negative | 35 (97%) | 60 (98%) | |
 Reported previous sexually transmitted disease diagnosis | |||
  Yes | 9 (25%) | 17 (28%) | 0.816 |
  No | 27 (75%) | 44 (78%) | |
Clinical data | |||
 Mid upper arm circumference (cm) | 27.0 (24.8–28.6 | 24.5 (23.0–27.4) | 0.006 |
 Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.3 (24.5–28.1) | 22.7 (21.2–25.8) | 0.001 |
 White blood count (10e09/l) | 7.5 (6.0–8.8) | 7.6 (6.8–8.7) | 0.317 |
 Platelets (10e09/l) | 235.0 (203.5–265.5) | 211.0 (182.0–250.4) | 0.586 |
 Haemoglobin category | |||
  ≤ 11 g/dl | 16 (46%) | 21 (34%) | 0.286 |
  > 11 g/l | 19 (54%) | 40 (66%) | |
1 missing | Â | ||
 Antibiotic use | |||
  Yes | 12 (34%) | 1 (2%) | <0.0001 |
  No | 23 (66%) | 58 (98%) | |
HIV and cART related factors | |||
 Days since HIV diagnosis | 833.5 (115.8–2289.2) |  |  |
 Duration of cART use | 820.0 (115.8–1932.2) | ||
 Ever switched cART regimens | |||
  Yes | 4 (11%) |  |  |
  No | 32 (89%) | ||
 Cotrimoxazole use | |||
  Yes | 12 (34%) |  |  |
  No | 23 (66%) | ||
 HIV-RNA (copies per mL) | |||
  ≤ 1000 | 29 (83%) |  |  |
  > 1000 | 6 (17%) | ||
1 missing | |||
 HIV-RNA (copies per mL) | |||
  < 50 | 28 (80%) |  |  |
  > 50–1000 | 1 (2%) | ||
  > 1000—≤ 10 000 | 2 (6%) | ||
  > 10,000 | 4 (11%) | ||
1 missing | |||
 CD4 cells/µL | |||
  < 350 | 15 (44%) |  |  |
  ≥ 350 | 19 (56%) | ||
2 missing | |||
Pregnancy outcomes (N = 95 infants, including 1 sets of twins) | |||
 Delivery < 37 weeks gestational age | |||
  Yes | 3 (9%) | 8 (14%) | 0.741 |
  No | 32 (91%) | 50 (86%) | |
1 missing | 1 missing | ||
 Birth status | |||
  Alive birth | 37 (100%) | 59 (100%) | 1 |
  Still births | 0 | 0 | |
 Birth weight category | |||
  ≤ 2500 | 4 (11%) | 8 (14%) | 1 |
  > 2500 | 31 (89%) | 51 (86%) | |
1 missing | |||
 Head circumference (cm) | 34.0 (34.0–35.8) | 34.0 (33.0–35.0) | 0.068 |
 Birth length (cm) | 50.0 (49.0–51.0) | 49.0 (48.0–50.3) | 0.586 |