Fig. 2

Imidazole propionate produced by the gut microbiota potentially impaired hepatic insulin signaling in a CDAHFD fed Göttingen Minipig Göttingen Minipigs were fed either a control (n = 5) or choline-deficient amino acid defined high fat diet (CDAHFD) (n = 7) for 8 weeks starting at age 8 weeks A Boxplot of Serum imidazole propionate (ImP) (nM) (25th percentile, 75th percentile, median, whiskers indicate max and min value); B Alanine transaminase (ALT) (U/L) (previously published in Pedersen and colleagues (2020) [24]) and C Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) (U/L) (previously published in Pedersen and colleagues (2020) [24]); D Relative levels of hepatic mRNA (log2 relative quantities of mRNA) for Ras Homolog, MTORC1 binding (RHEB), Mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) and insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2), fdr adjusted. Data are shown as individual values with mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 mark the level of statistical significance