Fig. 3

Viability of Tetragenococcus halophilus EFEL7002 under various simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The conditions tested include: (a) pH 3.0, (b) pH 2.5, and (c) 0.3% bile salt concentration. Results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). Significant differences compared with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG are represented with asterisks (^*p < 0.05, ^***p < 0.001)