Fig. 4

Microbial α-diversity (Shannon diversity index) and community compositions in dairy cattle manure before and after aging and house fly larval grazing. Top: Shannon diversity index in three manure types for a) Bacteria, b) Archaea, and c) Protist. In the box plots, median and interquartile range (25th–75th percentiles; boxes) with upper and lower range of values are shown. The different letters on top of each box indicate the significant differences between manure types (p ≤ 0.05). Each manure consisted of 4 replicates except fresh which included 8 replicates. Bottom: Principal Components Analysis (PCoA) illustrating Bray-Curtis distances in individual samples of Fresh, Aged, and Grazed manure types. Community composition for d) Bacteria, e) Archaea, and f) Protist are shown