Fig. 1

Conceptual outline of study, analyses, and experiments. a Clinical study [21] overview including especially the ITT (n = 76) and PP (n = 58) participant totals, with T2D defined as fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL or HbA1c ≥6.8%. b The fasting plasma specimens were collected during the same visit as the originally-described glucose control endpoints [21]. c Of these 58 participants, 51 had successfully collected blood plasma pairs suitable for the indicated targeted and untargeted metabolomics analyses. d Some of the observations derived from metabolomics were complemented with in vitro monoculture experiments using the formulation strains and additional metabolomics or growth dynamics measurements. e Summary of probiotic strains included in the intervention formulations WBF-010 or WBF-011. Identifiers for formulation and strains are the same as in [21]. Entries under each formulation identifier column indicate the approximate viable cell count per daily dose (CFU-equivalent), or absence if blank. Typical in vitro short-chain fatty acid production is indicated for each strain, with approximate ratios at late-log growth phase in VEG (AMUC) or PYG. Complete genome sequencing of each strain was performed, annotated, and deposited in GenBank with the indicated accession numbers