Fig. 3

Gut microbiota produce various metabolites that are involved in the development and progression of cancer. Polyamines play important roles in translation, gene regulation, stress resistance, antitumor immunity suppression, cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) generated by intestinal microbiota, such as butyrate, acetate, and propionate can maintain microbiota homeostasis and the intestinal barrier integrity. Butyrate produced by gut microbiota can suppress inflammation and carcinogenesis by blocking the signaling pathway of NFKB activation. Butyrate can induce the differentiation of regulatory T cells and IL10-producing T cells. Butyrate also acts as a histone deacetylase and leads to the inhibition of cell proliferation, stimulation of apoptosis, and suppression of tumor development