Table 1 Evolve & Resequence studies analyzed
Pressure | Evolved Phenotype | Duration of Selection (generations) | Wolbachia (% reads, min-max) | Experimental design (D: diet, S: sequencing) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Accelerated development [25] | Flies developed from egg to adult 20% faster than control | 605 | Infected (0.01–1.40%) | D: Banana, corn syrup, agar. S: 25 females (age not reported) pooled from each line; 4 control and 4 evolved. |
Delayed reproduction [26] | Age of reproduction increased from 28 to 40 days | 50 | Uninfected (0%) | D: Not specified. S: 100 females (age not reported) pooled from each line; 18 control and 18 evolved. |
Increased lifespan [27] | Median lifespan was increased from 4 weeks to 7–8 weeks | 48 | Uninfected (0%) | D: Agar, yeast, sugar, oatmeal. S: 250 males + 250 females (age not reported) pooled from each line; 3 control and 3 evolved. |
Egg size [28] | Egg size was selected ~ 20% larger and smaller eggs | 16 | Infected (0.02–0.11%) | D: Not specified. S: 100 females (age not reported) pooled from each line; 3 control, 3 small, 3 large. |
Desiccation resistance [29] | Desiccation resistance (hrs until 80% mortality) increased 70–80% | 48 | Infected (70.2–89.7%) | D: Yeast, cornmeal, agar. S: 100 females (age not reported) pooled from each line; 3 control and 3 evolved. |
Fluctuating temperature [30] | Survival under fluctuating temps 18–28 °C daily | 37 | Infected (48.7–75.1%) | D: Standard media. S: 500 females (~ 7 days old) pooled for each line at different time points; beginning, middle, and end; 3 control and 3 evolved--only compared beginning and end. |
Salt + cadmium resistance [31] | Survival in constant, spatially, temporally varying salt and/or cadmium | 42 | Infected (0.01–0.03%) | D: Yeast, cornmeal, sugar agar. Diet differed between control and evolved. S: 70 females (age not reported) pooled from each line; 3 control lines and 5 lines for each selection pressure. |
Starvation resistance [32] | Starvation resistance (hrs to death w/o food) increased ~ 25% | 83 | Infected (53.0–78.4%) | D: Not specified. S: 100 females (4 days old) pooled for each line; 3 control and 3 evolved lines. |
Parasitoid resistance [33] | Resistance to parasitoid increased from 20 to 50% | 5 | Uninfected (0%) | D: Not specified. S: 50 females (~ 5 h old) pooled from each line; 16 control and 16 evolved lines. |
Viral resistance [34] | Resistance to Drosophila C virus increased from 25 to 75% | 20 | Infected (95.1–98.1%) | D: Standard cornmeal-agar. S: 200 individuals (age not reported) pooled from each line; 4 control, 4 procedure control, 4 evolved. |