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Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of Paired Infant Samples (n = 210)

From: The infant gut resistome is associated with E. coli and early-life exposures

Infant Characteristics

Infant Sex (%)

 Female

89 (42.4)

 Male

121 (57.6)

Infant Race (%)

 

 White

197 (93.8)

 Other

13 (6.2)

Feeding Mode at 6-Week Sample (%)

 

 Breast fed

157 (74.8)

 Formula fed

7 (3.3)

 Combination

46 (21.9)

Feeding Mode at 1-Year Sample (%)

 

 Breastfed

70 (33.3)

 Formula fed

7 (3.3)

 Combination

133 (63.3)

Antibiotics During Initial Hospitalization (%)

 

 No

203 (96.7)

 Yes

7 (3.3)

Gestational Age at Birth in Weeks [Mean (SD)]

39.05 (1.56)

Birth Weight in Grams [Mean (SD)]

3414 (507)

Age at 6-Week Sample Collection in Days [Mean (SD)]

46.78 (18.44)

Age at 1-Year Sample Collection in Days [Mean (SD)]

375.32 (35.69)

Maternal Characteristics

Delivery Mode (%)

 Vaginal

152 (72.4)

 Cesarean section

58 (27.6)

Prenatal Antibiotics Prior to Delivery (%)

 

 No

157 (74.8)

 Yes

39 (18.6)

 Missing

14 (6.7)

Group B Streptococcus Positive (%)

 

 No

137 (65.2)

 Yes

68 (32.4)

 Missing

5 (2.4)

Parity (%)*

 

 Nulliparous

104 (49.8)

 One

72 (34.4)

 At least two

33 (15.8)

Intrapartum Antibiotic Exposure Class** (%)

 

 None

95 (45.2)

 Penicillin

43 (20.5)

 Cephalosporin

43 (20.5)

 Multiple

25 (11.9)

 Other

4 (1.9)

  1. *One mother was missing parity status
  2. **Infants were grouped according to intrapartum antibiotic exposures using the following categories: no antibiotics; penicillin-like antibiotics only (amoxicillins, penicillins); cephalosporins only (cefazolin, cephalexin); multi-drug classes (two or more antibiotics characterized as penicillin, cephalosporin, vancomycin, clindamycin, and/or gentamicin); or “other” antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, or lincomycin