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Fig. 1 | BMC Microbiology

Fig. 1

From: Tolerance of Yarrowia lipolytica to inhibitors commonly found in lignocellulosic hydrolysates

Fig. 1

Mechanisms of different inhibitors commonly found in a hydrolysate. Weak acids (e.g. acetic and formic acid) diffuse into the cell and release protons. To maintain a neutral pH, cells transport the protons out under the consumption of ATP. HMF and Furfural inhibit glycolysis which leads to a slower growth rate. Furfural and aromatic compounds damage both the cell and plasma membranes. Formic acid and aromatic compounds cause the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Adapted from [12]

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