Fig. 5

Alpha diversity indices: the number of observed amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) (a), phylogenetic diversity (b), and Shannon index (c). The P values outside the box are the results from the Friedman test or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of repeated measures, whereas the P values inside each box were calculated by the Nemenyi post-hoc pairwise test or Welch’s pairwise t-test with Holm adjustment