Fig. 4
From: Rhamnolipids and surfactin inhibit the growth or formation of oral bacterial biofilm
Effect of rhamnolipids on each step of biofilm formation. a Graphical representation of the total biofilm formed by A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4 treated with rhamnolipids (same as Fig. 2a). The image on the right shows SEM image of A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4 biofilms after incubation with 0.013 w/v% rhamnolipid. b Graphical representation of the total A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4 biofilm formed on pre-treated rhamnolipid microtiter plate. This assay demonstrates inhibition of the attachment step of biofilm formation. The image on the right shows SEM image of A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4 biofilm upon pre-treatment with 0.013 w/v% rhamnolipid. c Graphical representation of the total A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4 biofilm formed after rhamnolipid dispersal. This assay demonstrates the effect of rhamnolipids against matured biofilm. The image on the right shows SEM images of A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4 biofilms after dispersal treatment with 0.013 w/v% rhamnolipid. Black arrows indicate the rhamnolipid concentration that exhibited highest inhibitory effect in (a) (0.013 w/v%). Error bars indicate standard deviations of at least three experiments. Scale bars indicate 3 μm