Fig. 1

The micro-habitat of the Mylothris and Bicyclus butterflies in an African tropical forest habitat, and the diverse potential routes of transfer of Wolbachia between and within the butterfly species. In orange the routes that remain to be fully tested, with unlikely routes in dashed lines. (M): Mistletoe, the host-plant of Mylothris butterflies, and (G): Grass, the host-plant of Bicyclus butterflies. Butterfly images modified from pictures by authors HWG and RT