Fig. 6

Antimicrobial activity of macrophages stimulated with EcN_OMVs. RAW264.7 cells stimulated with EcN_OMVs were incubated with three bacterial pathogens for 5 h, including two Gram-negative species, E. coli CVCC1554 and S. typhimurium CVCC3757, and one Gram-positive specie, S. aureus CVCC4265. After incubation, the number of viable bacteria in cell lysates was determined using the plate cultivation method. Data are representative of three independent experiments. ***P < 0.001